August 27, 1870.] 
THE PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS. 
173 
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BRISTOL PHARMACEUTICAL ^ASSOCIATION. 
A General Meeting of tlie Association was held on 
August 12th, IS70, at the Philosophical Institution; 
Mr . Stoddart, President, in the chair. 
After some routine business, the President called the 
attention of the meeting to the special business of the 
evening, namely, the presentation of the prizes to their 
young friends who had been successful in the recent 
examinations. The Committee, as the meeting was pro¬ 
bably aware, had offered a series of prizes, two in each 
subject upon which they had been able to arrange a 
course of lectures. These subjects had been inorganic 
chemistry, organic chemistry, structural botany and sys¬ 
tematic botany. Each course had been complete in itself, 
consisting of about thirty lectures. They were the 
courses delivered by Mr. Coomber and Mr. Leipner in 
connection with the Science and Art Department of the 
Government, and the examinations were those conducted 
by Dr. Frankland and Dr. Thomson on behalf of the 
Department. The officials had supplied this Associa¬ 
tion, at the request of its Honorary Secretary, with 
a list of its Associates who had been examined, ar¬ 
ranged in the order of the merit of their papers. The 
result, on the whole, had been highly satisfactory. A 
large amount of industry and steady application had 
been manifested by some of the students, one particular 
illustration of which he could not refrain from mention¬ 
ing. His young friend Mr. Milton lived at a distance 
of over five miles from Bristol, and he had walked in 
and out for each lecture, and had missed none. He had 
thus walked 600 miles for his chemistry alone. He was 
very glad to find Mr. Milton’s name among the prize¬ 
winners. He then called upon Mr. Coomber, Professor 
of Chemistry, to read his report, which was as fol¬ 
lows :— 
“ Gentlemen,—Your students received two courses of 
lectures from me during the past session, one on inor¬ 
ganic chemistry and a second on organic chemistry. 
The first course embraced the chemistry of the non- 
metallic elements, the second the more important classes 
of organic compounds. Twenty-six students commenced 
the study of inorganic chemistry, and twelve presented 
themselves for examination ; nine commenced the study 
of organic chemistry, and eight presented themselves for 
examination. Of the twelve who offered themselves in 
inorganic chemistry, four appeared in the first class, 
seven in the second class, and one failed; of the eight 
who offered themselves in organic chemistry, four 
appeared in the first class, three in the second class, and 
one failed. The attention and persevering industry of 
those young men who offered themselves for examina¬ 
tion cannot be too highly spoken of. There were others 
equally diligent, whom circumstances, much to their 
own annoyance, prevented from attending the examina¬ 
tion. Still, in most cases, attendance at the examina¬ 
tions may be taken to be a fair test of the assiduity of 
a student. The attendance in many cases has been 
very regular; some students have not been absent on a 
single occasion, and amongst these Mr. Milton deserves 
to be mentioned, as he walked in to the lectures from a 
country village five miles distant from Bristol.” 
The following are the questions that were put at the 
Examination. The value attached to each question was 
the same, and three hours were allowed for each paper:— 
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 
Examiner —Professor Frankland, Ph.D., F.R.S. 
First or Elementary Stage Examination. 
You are only permitted to attempt eight questions. 
You may select these from any part of the paper. 
You are requested, whenever possible, to express the 
reactions in equations. 
You are to give such numerical details as will show 
the mode of calculation. 
1. Explain how you would demonstrate experimentally 
that water is formed by the combustion of hydrogen 
in air. 
2. What is meant by the atomicity or equivalence of 
an element F Give the atomicity of all the non- 
tallic elements. 
3. What do you understand by the terms “ element,” 
“oxide,” “metal,” and “non-metal” P 
4. One litre of nitrogen gas, measured at 0° C., and 760 
mm. mercurial pressure, weighs 14 criths; what is 
the weight in grains of one cubic metre of the same 
gas measured at the same temperature and pres¬ 
sure ? 
5. Mention the composition of Ozone, state its properties, 
and describe how you would prepare it. 
6. How would you demonstrate experimentally the com¬ 
position of water and of air ? 
7. Classify the following substances into elements and 
compounds■ 
Calomel. Iodine. 
Nitre. Lead. 
Tin. Brass. 
Graphite. Diamond. 
8. Give the names of the substances denoted by the fol¬ 
lowing chemical formulas:— 
HC1 Cl 2 
Epsom salts. 
Copper. 
Bronze. 
Chalk. 
OH 2 
n 2 o 5 
Oa 
B 2 0 3 
so. 
HOo Cl 
NH. 
'3 KJ '- / 2 J ” L 3 
Give the symbolic formulas of the following sub¬ 
stances :— 
Water. Ozone. Sal-ammoniac. 
Perchloric acid. Hydroxyl. Boric anhydride. 
Sulphuric acid. Carbonic anhydride. Hypochlorous acid. 
10. Wliat is the specific gravity of ammonia, that of hy¬ 
drogen being taken as unity ? 
11. How would you show experimentally that hydro¬ 
chloric acid consists of hydrogen and chlorine ? 
12. I add two volumes of oxygen to one volume of each 
of the following gases; what takes place, and what 
effect will be produced, if an electric spark be after¬ 
wards passed through each of the mixtures P— 
Chlorine. Nitric oxide. 
Hydrogen. Carbonic oxide. 
Sulphuretted hydrogen. Carbonic anhydride. 
Nitrous oxide. 
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 
First or Elementary Stage Examination. 
You are only permitted to attempt eight questions. 
You may select these from any part of the paper. 
Whenever possible, you are to express the reactions in 
equations. 
You are to give such numerical details as will show 
the mode of calculation. 
Atomic weights to be used:—H — 1 ; O = 16 ; C = 12. 
1. Give the formulae and percentage composition of 
formic acid and oxalic acid. 
2. Give two distinct and different processes for the pre¬ 
paration of ethylene, showing all chemical changes 
by equations. 
3. What is the empirical formula of a substance which 
yields the following results on analysis ?— 
Carbon . 20*00 
Hydrogen. 6*66 
Oxygen. 26*67 
Nitrogen . 46*67 
100*00 
4. Give the graphic and symbolic formulae of the fol¬ 
lowing substances:—Prussic acid, acetic acid, alco¬ 
hol, methyl, and marsh gas. 
5. What member of the alcohol family is found amongst 
