174 
THE PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS. 
[August 27, 1870. 
the products of the destructive distillation of wood; 
how can you extract it in a state of purity from 
wood naphtha, and what is its graphic formula F 
6. How can you detect the presence of nitrogen in an 
organic substance ? 
7. You are required to make 1 oz. of lactic acid from 
milk ; how will you do it ? 
8. Give the name and graphic formula of a member of 
each of the following families of organic com- 
’ pounds:—Alcohols, aldehydes, ethereal salts, ethers, 
and haloid ethers. 
9. If a mixture of acetate of potash, caustic soda, and 
quicklime he heated to a temperature somewhat 
below redness, what gaseous product is obtained ? 
Give its name and formula, and state where it is 
met with in nature. 
10. You have given to you the following materials, and 
are required to make acetic acid; state exactly what 
operations you will perform,_and explain all chemi¬ 
cal changes by equations :— 
Ethylic iodide. Water. 
Sodic carbonate. Potassic chromate. 
Quicklime. Sulphuric acid. 
11. If an alkaline solution of potassic cyanide he boiled, 
what decomposition takes place ? 
12. If hitter almonds he macerated in warm water, what 
member of the aldehyde family is produced, and 
why is this aldehyde not formed when sweet are 
substituted for hitter almonds ? 
Mr. Schacht then asked permission, in the absence of 
their Professor of Botany, who was unfortunately abroad, 
to say a few words about the botanical classes, which he 
had himself attended and watched with some care. He 
said it was certainly to be regretted that the results of 
the Examinations in this part of their scheme had not 
been so favourable as in chemistry ; and it was clear the 
interest felt in it had not been so great. The attendance, 
which, at the commencement of the course, had averaged 
about twenty at each lecture, dwindled, after a short 
time to ten or twelve. In the “ Structural and Physio¬ 
logical” course, eight only had entered for the Exami¬ 
nation, and two only had passed; and in the “ Systema¬ 
tic and Economic” course, five only had entered, and 
two only had passed. In seeking for an explanation of 
these somewhat unfavourable facts, he was bound to say 
he could not attribute them in any way to their very ex¬ 
cellent teacher, Mr. Leipner, who, on the contrary, had 
been most assiduous in his work and most anxious to 
advance his pupils; but he thought they might be, in 
part at least, due to the difficulties under which both 
professors and students of botany lay in the winter sea¬ 
son, when so few illustrations of the subject can be ob¬ 
tained—a difficulty he would venture to compare to 
an attempt to lecture upon chemistry without the display 
of experiments. He might add that the Committee 
had already discussed the desirability, in their next Ses¬ 
sion, of making botany a summer course. Truth, how¬ 
ever, compelled him to say they all felt some disappoint¬ 
ment at the result of this part of their experiment, which, 
it must not he forgotten, was of quite as much import¬ 
ance in the practice of their profession as chemistry. He 
hoped next year to witness greater botanical zeal amongst 
their young friends. 
YE GET ABLE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 
Examiner —T. Thomson, M.D., F.R.S. 
First or Elementary Stage Examination. 
You are only permitted to answer six questions. 
1. How does the root differ from the stem in structure 
and function ? 
2. "What are the appearances presented by a transverse 
and longitudinal section of the trunk of an oak ? 
Explain the terms sapwood and heartwood. Which 
of the two is the more durable, and why ? 
3. What are spiral vessels and ducts ? In what part of 
the plant are they chiefly found F In what plants 
are they absent F 
4. Define the terms anatropous, campylotropous and or- 
thotropous, and name one or two examples of the 
occurrence of each. 
5. Explain the terms hilum, chalaza, raphe, arillus, 
and give the relative position of these parts (when 
present) to each other in the three cases named in 
the preceding question. 
6. Describe the process of respiration in plants. 
7. Point out the principal differences between exogens 
and endogens. 
SYSTEMATIC AND ECONOMIC BOTANY. 
Examiner —T. Thomson, M.D., F.R.S. 
First or Elementary Stage Examination. 
You are only permitted to answer seven questions, two 
of which must be 8 and 9. 
1. In what Natural Orders of British plants is the pla- 
centation parietal F 
2. Give the characters of the Natural Order Rosacece, and 
point out how it differs from Leguminosce. 
3. To what Natural Order does the genus Clematis be¬ 
long F What are its characters F State in which 
of them it agrees with, and in which of them it 
differs from, the other British genera of the Order. 
4. Define the terms raceme, spike, catkin, umbel, capitu- 
lum, panicle, corymb, and give an example of each 
taken from a British plant. 
5. What is estivation F Enumerate the different kinds, 
and give one or more examples of each, taken from 
British plants. 
6. To what Natural Order do the plants yielding tea, 
coffee, and chocolate belong F What part of the 
plant is used in each case F Give a sketch of the 
mode of preparation of each. 
7. To what Natural Order do the following useful pro¬ 
ducts belong F What is their use, and what part 
of the plant yields them F Marsh-mallow, taraxa¬ 
cum, cucumber, hops, tobacco, colchicum. 
8. 9. Describe the two plants laid before you, taking 
their organs (when present) in the following 
order:— 
Stem. Sepals. Ovary. 
Leaves. Petals. Fruit. 
Bracts. Stamens. Seeds. 
The lists furnished by the officers of the Science and 
Art Department, South Kensington, were then read, and 
arranged in the order of merit in which the candidates 
passed their examinations, from which it appeared that 
the following gentlemen became entitled to the prizes :— 
Chemistry. 
Inorganic. 
1. Mr. A. W. Little. 
2. Mr. W. D. Tamplin. 
Organic. 
1. Mr. T. Milton. 
2. Mr. W. D. Tamplin. 
Botany. 
Structural and Physiological'» 
1. Mr. A. W. Little. 
2. Mr. T. Milton. 
Systematic and Economic. 
1. Mr. A. W. Little. 
2. Mr. T. Milton. 
The Prizes were then presented by the President,— 
Mr. A. W. Little receiving a microscope, value £3. 3 s.; 
Mr. T. Milton a prize of books, value £2. 2s.; and Mr. 
W. D. Tamplin a prize of books, value £1. Is. 
LEICESTER CHEMISTS’ ASSISTANTS AND 
APPRENTICES’ ASSOCIATION. 
The Half-yearly Meeting of the above Association 
was held at St. George’s Rooms, Rutland Street, on Fri¬ 
day, August 5th, 1870; the President, Mr. J. Young, in 
the chair. 
The Treasurer (Mr. E. H. Butler) read his financial 
report, and explained that the smallness of the balance 
