September 17, 1870.] THE PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS. 
225 
i energy wliicli we call visible motion and that which 
we call heat. 
The result of his numerous and laborious experi¬ 
ments was, that if a pound of water be dropped from 
a height of 772 feet under the influence of gravity, 
and if the velocity which it attains be suddenly 
stopped and converted into heat, this heat will be 
sufficient to raise the whole mass 1° F. in tempe¬ 
rature. 
From this he concluded that when a pound of 
water is heated 1° F. in temperature, an amount of 
molecular energy enters into the water which is 
equivalent to 7 7 2 foot-pounds, that is to say, to one 
pound raised 772 feet high against the influence of 
gravity, or allowed to fall 772 feet under the same 
influence. 
He found again that if a pound of water were to 
fall twice this distance, or 1544 feet under gravity, 
the velocity if stopped would raise its temperature 
2° F., and in fact that the rise of temperature under 
such circumstances is proportional to the height 
from which the pound of water is supposed to fall. 
By this means an exact relation is established be¬ 
tween heat and work. Grove was the first to point 
out the probability of a connection between the 
various species of molecular energy; and the re¬ 
searches of Joule, Thomson, and others have esta¬ 
blished these relations with numerical accuracy. 
No better example of the correlation of the various 
kinds of energy can be given than what takes place 
in a galvanic battery. Let us suppose that zinc is 
the metal used. Here the source of energy is the 
burning or chemical combination of the zinc with 
oxygen, etc., in order to form a salt of zinc. The 
source of energy is, in fact, much the same as when 
coal is burned ; it is the energy produced by chemi¬ 
cal combination. Now, as we have said, the zinc 
combines with the oxygen and sulphate of zinc is 
produced, but the result of this combination does not 
at first exhibit itself in the form of heat, but rather 
in that of an electric current. No doubt a great 
portion of the energy of tills electric current is ulti¬ 
mately spent in heat, but we may, if we choose, 
spend part in promoting chemical decomposition; 
for instance, we may decompose water. In this case 
part of the energy of the battery, derived, as has 
been stated, from the burning of the zinc, is spent in 
heat and part in decomposing the water, and hence 
we shall have less heat than if there were no water 
to decompose. But if, when we have decomposed 
the water, we mix together the two gases hydrogen 
and oxygen which are the results of this decomposi¬ 
tion and explode them, we shall recover the precise 
deficiency of heat. Without the decomposition, let 
us say that the burning in the battery of a certain 
weight of zinc gives us heat equal to 100, but with 
the decomposition only 80, twenty units of energy 
have therefore become spent in the decomposition; 
but if we explode the mixture of gases procured from 
the decomposition, we shall get back heat equal to 
20, and thus make the whole result of the burning of 
the zinc 100 units of energy as before. 
In like manner, if our electric battery is made to 
do work, thus forming a kind of engine, we shall 
have the heat produced by the current diminished 
by the exact equivalent of the mechanical effect 
which we have obtained from this engine. 
There is nothing for nothing in the universe of 
energy. 
CONDY’S PATENT FLUIDS. 
The extremely powerful oxidizing properties possessed 
by the mang-anates and permanganates have been well 
known, and have frequently been made use of in the 
laboratory of the chemist for a considerable time past. 
The merit, however, of introducing these salts to the 
general public as most valuable deodorizers and purifiers 
belongs, we believe, to Mr. Condy. But though the 
initiative in establishing then' manufacture on a large 
scale thus belongs'to Mr. Condy, he seems to have allowed 
himself to be outstripped in their economical production. 
In the following table will be found the strength of three 
kinds of Condy’s patent fluids as sold in London, mea¬ 
sured by their oxidizing power in comparison to pure 
permanganate of potash. 
For a due appreciation of the table, it is necessary to 
bear in mind that the crystallized permanganate used for 
comparison is a chemically pure article, while Condy’s 
fluids Nos. I. and II. are solutions of the impure crude 
article, and that even the ozonized water does not con¬ 
tain the absolutely pure salt. With these explanations 
the table will speak for itself. 
1 
2 
Description of Article. 
Price retail in 
London. 
No. I.—Green Fluid .... 
No. II.—Red Fluid .... 
No. HI.—Ozonized Water . . 
Pure crystallized Permanganate 
of Potassium. 
j 5d. per 7i3 
( 5s. per gall. 
( 11 d. per 7$3 
(10s. per gall. 
f Is. 8 d. per 45 
( 3s. per 85 
• 2s. per 15 
3 
Total solid con¬ 
tents in 100 
parts. 
4 
Amount of Per¬ 
manganate of 
Potasli equal 
in oxidizing 
power to 100 
parts. 
5 
Quantity equal 
in oxidizing 
power to one 
ounce Per¬ 
manganate. 
6 
Price of the quan¬ 
tity given in co¬ 
lumn 5 as equi¬ 
valent to one 
ounce Perman¬ 
ganate of Pot¬ 
ash. 
13-76 
1-781 
56-143 
£. s. d. 
0 3 7 
13-76 
1-781 
56-14 
0 1 9 
8-40 
1-786 
55-99 
0 6 10 
8-40 
1-786 
55-99 
0 3 6 
0-245 
0-224 
447-4 
9 6 5 
0-245 
0-224 
447-4 
8 7 9 
100 
100 
15 
0 2 0 
Particulars of Samples Analysed. 
No. I. Condy s Patent Fluid ( green solution). —Con¬ 
tained in a glass bottle holding 7^5; sold retail at 6 d. 
per bottle, being about 5d. per 7^3 contents. The bottle 
was wrapped in pale buff-coloured paper, nearly covered 
by two large labels with green print. The cork was 
secured by a strip of label, on which was printed “ Condy’s 
Patent Fluid. For destroying all offensive odours. Will 
not stain when diluted.” 
No. II. Condy’s Patent Fluid {red solution).— In a glass 
