432 
THE PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS. [November 26, 1870. 
from the use of an ordinary feeding-bottle, the white 
tubing, not being india-rubber, but a composition (con¬ 
sisting of india-rubber dissolved in 10 per cent, of bisul¬ 
phide of carbon, and thickened up with white lead, resin, 
and sometimes oxysulphuret of antimony, to give it a 
pink colour), from which, when coming in contact with 
the milk, sulphuretted hydrogen was evolved, and lactate 
of lead formed in the stomach. He exhibited a feeding- 
bottle (which he had originally made for use in his family 
for some years, but at the request of many friends and 
medical men, he now had it for sale), the advantage of 
which was that the tubing and teat being formed of na¬ 
tive rubber, vulcanized by means of magnesia, none of 
the evils mentioned in the other case could possibly oc¬ 
cur. He stated that Dr. Nevins, the lecturer at the 
Royal Infirmary School of Medicine, had been so con¬ 
vinced of the value of this arrangement, that he recom¬ 
mended the students when they met with cases of vomit¬ 
ing, griping, and diarrhoea in infants, to ascertain how 
they were fed, and if the white tubing was used to treat 
the patient for lead poisoning. 
Mr. A. Norman Tate, analytical chemist, stated that 
at the request of a medical gentleman, he had analysed 
some samples of tubing, and found lead in each. 
Mr. Davies had tested several samples with the same 
result, and testified the value of Mr. Evans’s suggestion 
from practical experience. 
Mr. Edward Davies, F.C.S., read a paper upon 
“ Ozone,” of which the following is an abstract:— 
When the electrical machine was invented, it was soon 
noticed that a peculiar odour was produced during the 
working of the machine. Von Marum, about a century 
ago, found that on passing sparks through oxygen it 
assumed the same smell and attacked mercury. 
In this state our knowledge of ozone remained until 
Schonbein published his first paper on ozone in 1840, 
showing its production in the electrolysis of water, and 
afterwards in the slow oxidation of phosphorus. 
Ozone can be prepared in many ways. 1 st. Clean 
phosphorus is put into a bottle with a little water for an 
hour or two, then removed, and the enclosed air well 
washed to remove phosphoric acid. 2nd. A hot glass 
rod is held in a vessel containing ether vapour and air. 
When the rod is sufficiently heated, in the dark a pale 
blue lambent flame, resembling that emitted by phos¬ 
phorus, is seen. If oxygen be employed instead of air, 
and a heated glass tube used, an explosion ensues. 3rd. 
By the electrolysis of water strongly acidulated ; accord¬ 
ing to M. Cr. Plante, more ozone is obtained by using 
lead electrodes. 4tli. By electrical discharges in air or 
oxygen. This method yields the largest quantity of 
ozone. By passing dry oxygen through Siemen’s ozone 
generator (which is essentially a Leyden jar, the two 
coatings of which are connected with the terminals of an 
induction coil), a stream of strongly ozonized oxygen 
may be obtained, oth. By the action of strong sulphuric 
acid on permanganate of potassium. It is also said to 
be produced during chemical combinations, as that of 
sulphuric acid with potash, in fermentation and putre¬ 
faction, and by plants when in flower. 
The tests used to indicate its presence are :— 1 st. Paper 
brushed over with starch-paste containing iodide of po¬ 
tassium ; the ozone oxidizes the potassium, and the free 
iodine unites with the starch. 2nd. Red litmus mois¬ 
tened with solution of iodide of potassium. The potash 
set free turns the paper blue. 3rd. Paper moistened 
with solution of sulphate of manganese. The paper 
turns brown from formation of di-oxide of manganese. 
4th. Paper moistened with oxide of thallium, which turns 
brown owing to formation of peroxide of thallium. 
Ozone tarnishes silver foil and mercury ; corrodes cork 
and india-rubber; oxidizes indigo into isatin, ferrocyanide 
of potassium into ferricyanide, and destroys bad smells. 
Peroxide of manganese and peroxide of lead convert it 
into ordinary oxygen without undergoing change them¬ 
selves ; peroxides of hydrogen and barium also convert 
it into ordinary oxygen, and are decomposed into oxygen 
and protoxides. 
Ozone possesses a powerful odour, from which it de¬ 
rives its name— o(eiv signifying, to have a smell. It is 
almost insoluble in water. 
Oxygen in the free state is combined with itself to 
form a molecule, which may be represented as 0 ©. 
The view of ozone generally received is that it is © 0 © 
condensed into two volumes. This view is supported by 
the fact that when put in contact with iodide of potas¬ 
sium it does not contract. If this be so, when ozone is 
produced by electrical action, either both atoms of ordi¬ 
nary oxygen must become negative and unite with ordi¬ 
nary oxygen, or the molecule must split into positive and 
negative oxygen, and a molecule of antozone 0 © 0 be 
also formed. Antozone has, however, not been satisfac¬ 
torily isolated, unless the fumes produced in contact 
with water when ozonized oxygen is passed through 
iodide of potassium solution consist of antozone me¬ 
chanically mixed with aqueous vapour (Meissner). Wil¬ 
liamson and Baumert considered ozone to bo IL 0 3 ; but 
this mew seems disproved by the experiments of An¬ 
drews. 
Ozone is found generally in the air, Dr. Richardson 
says that the amount may be -Too go- It is absent generally 
in large towns, especially in close courts. It is doubtful if it 
produces disease, though catarrh may be a result of excess, 
as it produces the symptoms of that disease when inhaled. 
Equally uncertain is the action which it exerts in pre¬ 
venting disease. According to some observers the occur¬ 
rence of cholera is coincident with absence or diminution 
of ozone, and its departure with a return of ozone. 
Against this view must be set the observations of Father 
Denza, that in Turin during cholera the amount of ozone 
remained an average quantity, and of M. Fournet, that 
at Lyons, where no ozone can ever be detected, cholera 
is not more frequent or severe than elsewhere. 
Many of the discrepancies observed may be due to the 
method used for measuring the amount of ozone. This, 
consisting in the use of iodide of potassium and starch 
papers, is liable to many sources of error. Many other 
substances will set iodine free besides ozone, and the 
tendency of free potash to convert free iodine into iodide 
and iodate of potassium, must have some influence on the 
delicacy of the test. Until some more certain means is 
discovered, present observations must be received with 
great caution, or the knowledge which we possess will 
be worse than ignorance, as being calculated to mislead. 
The methods for preparing ozone, and the various 
tests for it mentioned by Mr. Davies, were fully and 
ably illustrated by many very successful experiments. 
The President said that at the soiree of the Pharma¬ 
ceutical Society an apparatus was exhibited for produc¬ 
ing ozone in large quantities. 
A discussion followed, in which Messrs. Tate, Wright, 
Blair and Samuel took part. 
Mr. A. Norman Tate said he was very glad to hear 
Mr. Davies close his valuable paper as he did. He had 
always avoided ozone, as he considered the knowledge 
that chemists had of it was worse than ignorance, as 
ozone was often said to be present when other things 
might exist. He complimented Mr. Davies on his con¬ 
centration of the subject, and moved a vote of thanks. 
Mr. Blair, in seconding the vote, said that when 
ozone was absent cloth goods would not dye, and in¬ 
stanced the remarkable effect of a thunderstorm, d’ning 
which the power of the mordant was increased, and the 
stuff was dyed. In the island of Skye ozone was very 
abundant, and the people never suffer from catarrh. 
He considered also that if ozone could be produced in 
quantity at a reasonable rate, it would be of great ser¬ 
vice to decolorize sugar. 
The vote having been carried by acclamation, Mr. 
Davies returned thanks, and the meeting separated. 
