April 22, 187L] 
THE PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS. 
S53 
4. Which case do the following prepositions take after 
them P — circiter, inter, apud. Illustrate by ex¬ 
amples. 
5. Explain the difference between personal and im¬ 
personal verbs. Give examples. 
6. State how the nominative to a verb is found, and 
exemplify the same. 
ARITHMETIC. 
7. A boy having 100 marbles, lost 2.5 at play, and then 
won 18, after which he lost 28 : how many had he 
left ? 
8. If 100 workmen finish a piece of work in 12 days, 
how many will finish it in 3 days P 
9. If £100 in 12 months gain £7 interest, what is the 
interest of £571 for 6 years ? 
10. Multiply § of oi of f- by 3£ of 5£ of 17£. 
11. Divide 5*714 by 8275* 
ENGLISH. 
12. Of what does etymology treat ? 
13. How many parts of speech are there ? Name them. 
14. How many cases have nouns, and which two are 
alike ? 
15. Give the plural of the following nouns :—shelf, wolf, 
goose, scarf, staff, tooth, ally, deer, court-martial, 
knight-errant, index, and penny. 
16. Parse the following:—Virtue ennobles the mind, 
but vice debases it. 
17. Write from 15 to 25 lines upon one only of the fol¬ 
lowing subjects:— 
A. The employment of time. 
B. Perseverance. 
C. Memory. 
BRISTOL PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION. 
A General Meeting of this Association was held on 
Friday, April 14th; Mr. Stoddart, President, in the 
chair. 
After the routine business of the meeting, a lecture 
was delivered by W. A. Tilden, Esq., B.Sc., Demon¬ 
strator of Chemistry in the Laboratory of the Pharma¬ 
ceutical Society, upon “ Heat considered as an Agent in 
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Operations.” 
At its conclusion, a cordial vote of thanks to the lec¬ 
turer was carried by acclamation. 
MANCHESTER CHEMISTS AND DRUGGISTS’ 
ASSOCIATION. 
The Sixth and last ordinary Monthly Meeting of the 
Session was held in the Memorial Hall, Albert Square, 
on Friday evening, April 14th ; Mr. W. S. Brown, Pre¬ 
sident, in the chair. There was a large attendance of 
Members and Associates. 
The Chairman drew attention to the ‘ Book of Auto¬ 
graph Prescriptions ’ on the table. These had been col¬ 
lected by Mr. Joseph Ince, of London, and presented to 
the Association by the Council of the Pharmaceutical 
Society. The great value of this collection would, he 
hoped and believed, be appreciated by the students who 
frequented the rooms at Mitre Chambers. Alluding to 
the classes which had been held during the Session at 
Owens College, he said the attendance had been, on the 
whole, satisfactory to the Professors, though consider¬ 
ably smaller than the promoters of the course had hoped. 
A summer course of lectures on botany would be given, 
if a sufficient number of names were sent in to Mr. 
Benger, the Hon. Sec. He congratulated the members 
on the present aspect of the Poison Regulations, which 
were now to be issued as recommendations only, and he 
hoped that, with the modifications which would bo made 
in them, they would be applicable to most businesses, 
and lie trusted that chemists would apply them to the 
best of their opportunity, so as to ensure the safety of 
the public. 
Mr. W. Bostock then moved, “ That the best thanks 
of this Association be forwarded to the Council of the 
Pharmaceutical Society, and especially to Mr. Joseph 
Ince, for his kindness in collecting and arranging the- 
‘Book of Autograph Prescriptions,’ presented to the 
Association.” 
Mr. G. S. Woolley, in seconding* the vote of thanks, 
said that in future much greater value would be attached 
to the proficiency of candidates in pharmacy and prac¬ 
tical dispensing in the Examinations of the Pharma¬ 
ceutical Society, and he would strongly advise all those 
who were preparing for those examinations to avail 
themselves of the opportunity now afforded of studying 
a great variety of styles of prescribing. 
The resolution was carried with acclamation. 
Mr. J. T. Slugg, F.R.A.S., Vice-President, then de¬ 
livered a most interesting lecture on “The Stars, what 
they arc, where they are, and why they are.” Mr. 
Slugg’s lecture was listened to throughout with the 
greatest attention, and at its conclusion a hearty vote of 
thanks was conveyed to the lecturer. 
CHEMICAL SOCIETY. 
April 6t/i .—Professor Frankland, F.R.S., President,, 
in the chair. 
The President, occupying the chair the first time 
since his election, returned Iris thanks to the Society for 
the honour conferred upon him, and expressed his readi¬ 
ness to discharge the duties of his office to the best of his 
abilities. 
The following gentlemen were elected Fellows: F. 
Coles, C. E. Groves, E. W. T. Jones, L. T. MacEwan, 
J. L. Shuter. 
The following papers were read:—“On Burnt Iron, 
and Burnt Steel,” by W. Mattieu Williams. Iron,, 
which has been damaged by reheating, or excessively, 
heated and exposed after balling in the puddling furnace,, 
is designated “burnt iron” by the workmen. It is re¬ 
markable that no amount of heat applied to the iron in 
the blast-furnace, or in the early stages of the puddling 
process, produces burnt iron. Burnt iron is brittle, its. 
fracture is short and what is called crystalline, it lias 
lost the fibrous character of good iron. If steel is raised 
to a bright red heat and suddenly cooled, it is rendered 
hard and brittle, but these conditions may be modified 
by the process of tempering; if, however, the steel be 
raised to a yellow or white heat, and then be suddenly 
cooled, it is no longer capable of being tempered by mere- 
reheating. It is worthless for ordinary uses of steel 
unless it is again raised to a welding heat and rolled or 
hammered while hot, then allowed to cool gradually. 
The fracture of burnt steel presents a coarse grain and a 
crystalline appearance. Careful investigation, however, 
shows something more, viz. that the facets of the aggre¬ 
gated granules have a more or less conchoidal form. Tlio 
name of “toads’ eyes” has been given by practical men 
to these concavities. Mr. Williams found that a piece- 
of burnt iron contained oxide of iron dispersed through 
it 3 mass. A sample of burnt steel, however, investigated 
in the same manner as the iron, showed no indications of 
the presence of oxide. This of course was to be expected, 
as the carbon of the steel must more or less completely 
protect the metal from oxidation. That iron, when un¬ 
protected by combined carbon, should oxidize not merely 
on its surface, but through its whole substance, when 
exposed at a sufficiently high temperature, and for a 
sufficient length of time to the action of the atmospheric 
oxygen, is not difficult to conceive, since the researches, 
of Dcville, Troost and Graham have shown red-hot iron. 
