June 24,1871.] 
THE PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS. 
1029 
lakes are redder in shade than the corresponding aliza¬ 
rine oompounds. They are insoluble in water, but are 
distinguished from tho alizarine lakes by their solubility 
in solutions of soap and also in hot solutions of alum. 
Garancine.—This i3 prepared by boiling ground 
madder roots with sulphuric acid and water. Tho acid 
is then removed by washing with water. By this treat¬ 
ment the rubian of the madder is converted into aliza¬ 
rine and purpurine, while the pecten and resinous 
matters are in great measure destroyed. 
Bark, Sumac, Galls.—The valuable constituent of 
these substances is the tannin which they contain. 
Persian Berries, Quercitron, Flavin.—The colouring 
principle of these substances is quercitrine, C 23 H 10 O i0 , 
which forms lakes with several metallic bases. Its com¬ 
binations with alumina and oxide of tin arc yellow. 
Lima Wood contains a colouring principle called bra- 
ziline, C^H^O-, which also forms lakes with many me¬ 
tallic salts. 
The dye-stufFs are mostly used in conjunction with 
garancine, for the production of various shades of choco¬ 
late, red, orange, brown and drab. 
The style of goods dyed direct from madder roots are 
black, purple, lilacs, red and pinks, and sometimes 
orange. 
The goods are printed in the same manner as pigment 
or steam colours, but instead of colouring-matter, the 
ferrous or alumina mordants, already described, are 
printed on and the goods are dried. Simple figures arc 
printed once, covers twice, and pads three times. 
Ageing. —The dried goods arc thc-n aged. This opera¬ 
tion is conducted in a building called a stove. This 
building is open from ceiling to floor; on the floor is an 
iron frame with light tin rollers about 9 feet long, and 
ne>ar the top of the building is a similar frame, but to 
every six tin rollers is a massive wooden roller (covered 
with flannel), propelled by gearing, and forming the 
traction-power for drawing the cloth through the ma¬ 
chine. The cloth is passed in a continual line through this 
machine, entering at tho bottom, ascending to the top, 
and descending again, after passing over each roller; 
and as the rollers are closely set, a great length of 
cloth may be in the machine at a time; and although 
moving rapidly, the time it is in the building is 
considerable. The stove is usually made so wide as 
to have two frames in the width; parallel with each 
frame is a 6-inch steam-pipe, along the entire length 
of which are many openings, expanding into wide tin 
funnels, hooded in such a way as not to project the stc-am 
which issues from them against the cloth. During the 
passing of the goods through the stove, volumes of steam 
are being thrown from the tin funnels into tho chamber, 
and this steam is rapidly absorbed by the dry goods. The 
object is to keep the atmosphere as nearly saturated as 
possible without condensing into water. If the supply 
of steam is inadequate, the ageing will be ineffective; if 
too much steam, the dew-point will be reached, and 
water-drops falling on the goods will cause stains or 
blanks in the dyeing. The temperature is kept at 
about 80° F., the degree of saturation is regulated by ob¬ 
servation of a wet and dry bulb hygrometer; dry bulb, 
80°, wet 76°. Tho goods are then further aged by being 
loosely piled in a warm and moist room for 48 hours. 
In the ageing the action that takes place is as follows: — 
Tho greater part (but never the whole) of the acetic acid 
is volatilized, leaving behind the oxides of iron and alu¬ 
mina ; in the case of the former, it is partly changed into 
sosquioxide, the result being partly ferrous and partly 
ferric oxide. 
After ageing, the goods are submitted to the operation 
of Bunging , or Cleansing .—This has for its object the re¬ 
moval of the thickening and sightenings and from the ex¬ 
cess of mordant used in the printing, secondly, from the 
excess of acid, and it has also been found to make the 
colours brighter and faster than they would otherwise be; 
it also has a remarkable influence in permanently fixing 
the mordants, and bringing them into the condition 
most favourable for the dyeing. For many years this 
process consisted in passing the goods through a bath of 
cow-dung in warm water, the insoluble and fibrous mat¬ 
ters of it removing the excess of mordant and thicken- 
mg, thereby preventing the staining of the whites, 
whilst its alkalinity neutralized the excess of acid in the 
mordant. The peculiar green colouring principle has 
also been thought to be efficacious in producing brighter 
and faster shades, either by combining with the mordant 
or by deoxidizing it. But perhaps the most valuable 
constituent of the dung was its phosphates, which ren¬ 
dered the mordants more permanent. Since the value of 
the phosphates has been ascertained, several chemical 
compounds have been substituted for the cow-dung; the 
principal of these are phosphates, silicates, arsenites and 
arseniates of soda and lime, or mixtures of these sub¬ 
stances. 
Bunging of Pink Pads .—The vat is charged with 2000 
gallons of HO and 4 gallons of arseniate of soda at 
74° IV., and heated to 150° F., and the goods are passed 
through this solution. Tho strength of the liquor is 
maintained by addition of As0 5 NaO. Tho goods are 
then thoroughly washed in a washing machine. 
Pink Plates .—Same as for pads, but a mixture of sili¬ 
cate of soda with NaOAsO s . 
Purple Pads.— These are run successively through 
three baths, all consisting of water and CaOSi0 3 in sus¬ 
pension, the first bath being strongest, the second weaker, 
and the third weakest; temperature 180° F. 
Purple Plates .—Same bath as for pads, but heated only 
to 140°. 
Chocolate Pads and Acid Garancines. —Three baths; 
first, with cow-dung and chalk; tho others with cow- 
dung alone (chocolate, temp. 80°; acid garancine, 150°), 
all well washed afterwards. 
Garancines .—Three baths, ^ NaO As 0 5 + Na O As 0 3 . 
Heat 150°. 
Logwood Blacks .—Same dunging as garancines. 
The goods having been dunged, and then thoroughly 
well washed, are ready for the next process. 
Byeing. —The dye-bath is usually made of iron, some¬ 
times of wood, and is a rectangular cistern from 10 to 15 
feet long by 4 to 5 feet wide and 4 to 7 feet deep ; some¬ 
times it is narrower towards the bottom. It is heated 
by a perforated steam pipe, which is placed along the 
bottom of the bath. There is usually a diaphragm in the 
middle of the bath, but which does not extend the. full 
depth. This is to prevent the goods getting entwined, 
while at the same time it allows of their passing below 
the bottom of the diaphragm. Along the top of the bath 
is a winch or reel, which during the dyeing is kept re¬ 
volving. The bath having been filled with the proper 
quantity of cold water, the goods are then entered; one 
end of each piece being passed over the reel, down the 
back of the diaphragm, below it, and then brought up in 
tho front of it, is sewn to the other end. In this way 
twenty-five to fifty pieces may be placed in the bath. 
The proper quantity of ground madder-root is then 
thrown in, and if necessary a little CaOCOo. The 
winch is then set in motion, and when the dye-stuff is 
thoroughly mixed in the bath, steam i3 turned on, and 
the temperature gradually and steadily raised to 200° or 
180° F. in three "hours. The chemical changes in the 
bath have already been described in speaking of aliza¬ 
rine. The rubian is converted into alizarine and pur- 
purine, and these combine with the mordants; the 
pectcn combines with the lime. 
Garancines are dyed in a similar manner, but, owing 
to the colour all existing as alizarine and purpurine, the 
temperature can be raised more rapidly, and the dyeing* 
is usually completed in two hours. 
After dyeing madder, the cloth, besides alizarate of 
iron, AL0 3 , and tin, contains purpurates of those bases, 
also sometimes pectates of the colouring matter and resi- 
| nous matters, mechanically adhering to the surface of 
