1H7H.J 
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST. 
217 
foods of the richest character, is very great, because 
the larger portion of them is returned in the ma¬ 
nure, and that which is carried off in the milk is 
quite inconsiderable. Thus a well managed milk 
farm does not deteriorate in fertility, but both it 
and its owner grow rich together. The consump¬ 
tion of milk is steadily increasing, and upon those 
farms from which there is easy access to the large 
cities, their production can, by good management, 
be made profitable, both in its immediate returns, 
and in the indirect addition to the value of the land. 
Plan oi Stables for a Small Place. 
A plan for a small stable, to accommodate a cow 
and two horses, with poultry-house and pig-pen an- 
Fig. 1.— -ELEVATION OP STABLE. 
nexed, is often asked for and we give one. Figure 
1 is the ground plan, SI feet long, and 18 feet wide. 
The central part comprises two horse stalls, 5 x 10 
feet, and a loose box for a cow, 71 x 10 feet, with a 
passage, in which is a feed bin, room for a fodder- 
cutter and feed box, and stairs to the hay loft. 
Over the feed box is a hay-slioot from the loft 
above. The poultry-house adjoins the passage, 
from which two doors open into it. This house is 
18 x 12 feet, and has a sloping front of glazed sash. 
The roosts are shown in the engraving by the three 
bars in each appartment. The poultry-house is di¬ 
vided into two parts, so that one can be appropri¬ 
ated for young chickens and brooding hens, which 
is a very convenient method, and avoids the loss of 
a single chick. At the other end is a yard for ma¬ 
nure, with a pig-pen at the rear. There are two 
openings from the stable into this yard, for the 
purpose of cleaning out the manure. Figure 2 
6 hows an elevation of the building. Generally a 
plain structure will be desired, but, if necessary, an 
ornamental roof may be made, and the building 
finished more elaborately than is here shown. The 
Fig. 5.— PLAN OF STABLE. 
cost of this building may be from $200 upwards, 
according to its style and the materials used. 
Ail Injection TSozzIq. 
The common method of giving an injection to an 
animal, by means of a bladder, and a piece of elder 
wood, from which the pith has been removed, is 
sometimes injurious, and at the best is clumsy. 
A very neat instrument for the purpose has been 
INJECTION NOZZLE. 
devised by Whitman & Co., the makers of the 
Fountain Pump. This nozzle, shown in the accom¬ 
panying illustration, is inteudcd to be attached to 
the Fountain Pump. The liquid to be injected is 
prepared and put into a pail, is administered in the 
ordinary manner, the nozzle being oiled or greased. 
For worms in horses the usual injections of salt 
and water, or those of warm water, or soapy wa¬ 
ter for inaction of the bowels, in either cows or 
horses, may thus be given with ease and safety. 
A Simple Feed-Cooker. 
“A Subscriber,” sends us his method of cooking 
food for a few pigs, as 
follows. An ordinary 
iron kettle is provided, 
large enough to admit 
the chine of a meat bar¬ 
rel or tierce, and ar¬ 
ranged with a fire-place 
beneath it. A number 
of holes are bored in the 
bottom of the barrel, 
and two strong rings are 
affixed to the sides. The 
barrel is placed upon 
the kettle, fitting close¬ 
ly inside the rim, and 
is filled with roots and 
meal. A close cover is 
fitted to the top, and the 
contents of the barrel 
are cooked by the 
steam from the kettle. 
The arrangement is 
shown in the accompanying engraving. The barrel 
may be lifted off when the feed is cooked, by means 
of a small crane and windlass, and placed upon a 
wheelbarrow to be carried where it is to be used. 
FEED-COOKER. 
Foot-Power Saws and Sawing. 
For small work a hand or foot-power saw will 
often be found very useful. But unless a machine 
of this kind is kept in the very best order, the power 
needed to run it is so much increased that the work 
is too hard for either the hand or foot. Some re- 
Fig. 1.— PROBER & IMPROPER PITCH OF SAW-TEETH. 
marks in reference to the machine in question, and 
the proper method of keeping the saws in such 
order that they will work with ease, have been sent 
to us by A. I. Root, of Medina, Ohio, who has had 
considerable experience in the use of small wood¬ 
working machines. The sawing machine is shown 
at figure 6. It is furnished with a pair of feeding 
rolls and saws of different sizes. In using this saw, 
or in fact, any saw, it should be remembered that 
the points of the teeth only do the cutting, and 
that, to secure case in working, the sides of the 
saw should not rub against the wood. The proper 
observance of this principle is the whole art of 
keeping a saw in order. The shape and disposal of 
the teeth should be such that the sharp points 
pare off a slice of the wood and cut an opening 
large enough to prevent friction upon the sides of 
the saw. There is a certain 
position in which the teeth 
make a smooth cut, other¬ 
wise the grain of the 
wood is torn and not 
cut, and a greater force is 
required to tear the fibers than to cut them smooth¬ 
ly. The proper and improper pitch of the teeth 
for a rip-saw are shown in figure 1. The center of 
the saw at H should bear a constant relation to the 
angle of each tooth, which should be on a line which 
is called a tangent from the circumference of the 
iuner circle, shown at O. When a straight edge is 
laid against this circle, it should fall upon the under¬ 
Fig. 2.— POOR TOOTH. 
side of each tooth. Then if the distances between 
the points of the teeth are equal, they will ail fall 
Fig. 3.— FILES FOR SAW. 
exactly upon a line which would form the circum¬ 
ference of a circle concentric with the circle, Q. 
On the other side of the diagram are some teeth 
which are wrong, but they are frequently seen as 
bad as in this specimen. A saw filed in this unequal 
manner will require more than double the power 
to drive it. When a hand or foot-power is used, 
the difference is sufficient to prevent the operation 
of the saw. For a cross-cut saw, the shape of the 
teeth is entirely different, but can not be considered 
at this time. In filing the teeth to get a sharp 
point, the work should all be done from the under¬ 
side. If the teeth are tiled at the top, much of the 
saw is wasted. The top is worn away in cutting 
the wood, and if the underside only is filed away 
in a proper manner, the body of the saw is cut 
away evenly and the circumference, shown at F, 
figure 1, is gradually carried towards the center 
until the teeth become too small, and the saw is 
worn out or used for smaller work. That the saw 
is wasted by bad filing, is shown at figure 2. By 
filing beneath the points of the tooth, first at A, 
J), would in the course of time be carried to C, E, 
but if filed from the top the points would in the 
same time be brought to B, F. It is clear if, in ad¬ 
dition to the wear by work is added the loss by 
filing, that the saw will be worn out more rapidly 
Fig. 4.— SELF-REGULATING SAW-SET. 
than by work alone. For filing small saws, files of 
the shape, shown at figure 3, should be used. The 
angle of the file is precisely the same as that of the 
saw when the flat part rests upon the top of the 
tooth. In use it is never made to cut down, but 
only to pre¬ 
serve the f 
shape and 1 
Fig. 5.—SET OF TEETH. 
angles of the 
teeth. In 
setting the saw only enough set should be given 
to clear the blade ; and the set should be perfectly 
regular, or the work will be more difficult. A self¬ 
regulating set is shown at figure 4. The screw at 
Fig. 6.— HAND-POWER SAWINC-MACHINE. 
the top gauges the hold upon the tooth, and by 
bringing the handles together every tooth is bent 
alike. The proper set is exhibited in figure 5, the 
