218 
AMERICAN AGRIC URTURIST. 
LJdne, 
dotted lines showing how the teeth, A, A, are 
bent so as to be regular, and to give a certain 
amount of clearance for the saw. To make a small 
saw cut smoothly, the teeth should be finished oil 
with an oilstone These are made of all necessary 
shapes to trim out the angles and to level the points 
of the teeth. To smooth the edges of the teeth, 
lay an oilstone on the table against the saw, and 
turn the saw backward. For finishing fine work, 
small planing machines are made, one of which is 
shown at figure 7. These machines are made now 
at remarkably low prices, so that there is scarcely 
a workshop that can afford to be without them; 
while for such small work as the making of surplus 
honey and fruit boxes, and light crates, the l*nd- 
Fig. 7.— LTLIPUTIAN PLANER. 
saw machines and planers are indispensable. But 
to use them with economy and satisfaction, the 
owners must know how to keep them in order. 
A Road Scraper. 
A light road scraper would be found very valu¬ 
able on every farm for repairing the private roads. 
It may also be used, when necessary, for running 
over the public road in front of the farm. The 
appearance of the farm is greatly improved by the 
neat condition of the road in front of it, and as the 
road is actually the property of the owner of the 
land by which it passes, the public having only the 
right of using it for traveling, it is very proper that 
the real owner should keep it in good condition. 
A light, easily made scraper is shown in the ac¬ 
companying illustration. It consists of a frame of 
stout timber, in which the scraper is pivoted. The 
scraper may be 4 or 8 feet wide, as it is to be drawn 
by one or two horses. It is raised or depressed by 
the handles attached behind. To run over the road 
for a few minutes with such an implement, after it 
has been cut up in bad weather, would save much 
repair at other times, and thus lighten the road 
taxes. If the use of a road scraper were general, 
the roads would be in much better order, and the 
beauty of the country would be much increased. 
—— — -■ ■ «u W gS >-<»0 — — 
Pork Packing in the West.— From the Cin¬ 
cinnati Annual Price Current Report, for which we 
are indebted to the Superintendent, Sidney Max¬ 
well, Esq., we glean the following as to the quantity 
of hog products packed in the West the past year : 
No. of Hogs Average Yield of Cost per 
packed. net weight. Lard. cwt. 
6,505,446 226.4 lbs. 38.61 1'os. $4.99 
This gives again of 1,401,138 in the number of hogs 
packed; of 10.12 lbs. in the average weight, and 
of 4.53 lbs. in the yield of lard, with a decrease of 
19 cents in the cost per 100 lbs. 723,368 bbls. of 
pork were packed, an increase of 86,101 bbls. over 
last year. The above relates to the winter packing 
only. The total quantity packed, from March 1st, 
1877, to March 1st, 1878, was 9,048,566 hogs. The 
winter product of lard was 761,192 tierces, of 800 
pounds each, and of cured meats 980,000,000 lbs. 
The Beet-Sugar Question. 
9 deep, and 16 wide. The interior arrangements 
are very convenient; at figure 1 is shown the 
1 
MANURE PI i mMUURr 
ll.U.I.I-lLLLL 
mi i c i°m 1 111 1 1 m [ ii 11 n 
• s iffe ER - 
CELLAR 
Fig. 2.— PLAN OF BASEMENT. 
A new mania seems to be imminent. Agricult ural 
journals, and others not agricultural, are every¬ 
where agitating the sub¬ 
ject of beet-sugar, and 
deluding themselves 
and their readers into 
the belief that a great 
industry, heretofore 
neglected, is about to be 
introduced. Circulars 
are being spread abroad 
by public-spirited indi¬ 
viduals, pointing out 
how easily sugar can be 
made from beets, at 
every cider mill and 
cheese factory ; if only 
the beets are grown. It 
is all a great mistake. 
We can grow the beets 
fast enough, and too fast, but the manufacture of 
the roots into sugar is a very intricate, chemical as 
well as mechanical, operation, requiring the great¬ 
est skill and costly machinery. The beet contains 
abundant salts which interfere with the process of 
crystallization of the sugar, unless they are got rid 
of by a careful operation ; besides, upon some soils, 
the beets contain so much of these salts as to ren¬ 
der their manufacture into sugar impossible. It 
would be well for farmers to give a very cautious 
hearing to those who try to induce them to take 
stock in beet-sugar factories, and to engage in 
growing beets for manufacture. To grow beets for 
6 Ugar is quite a different thing from growing them 
for feeding. In the former case only small roots 
are desired, averaging to 3 pounds, as these are 
richer in sugar than the larger ones. Only about 8 
tons per acre of these small roots can be grown ; 
the large crops of 30 or 40 tons, so much written 
about, are not for the sugar business. It is very 
certain that farmers can make more profit in grow¬ 
ing heavy crops of sugar-beets for stock feeding, 
than light crops for sugar factories, if we had these. 
It may become a profitable business in time, but it 
must be remembered that the success of the manu¬ 
facture in Europe, so much talked of, is the result 
of nearly a century of costly and persevering effort 
assisted very liberally by Government aid. It can 
hardly be supposed, that here, where labor is dear 
and private enterprise must work alone, we can 
make an immediate success. Pioneers generally 
fail, and others build upon the ruins of their for¬ 
tunes. Still there are always sanguine individuals 
who are ready to make experiments, and it is pos¬ 
sible that through their failures the way to suc¬ 
ceed will be learned. At present, however, 
it is certain that the risk of loss in the manu¬ 
facture is greater than the probability of gain. 
main floor. There are 6 horse-stalls, 16 feet long, 
with a manure-shoot in the corner, leading to the 
manure-pit in the basement beneath ; a driving- 
floor, 20 feet wide, with stairs and feed-room ; a 
hay-mow, 72 x 32 feet, with hay-shoots leading to 
the feeding-floor below. At fig. 2 is a plan of the 
basement, in which are 36 stanchions along the cen¬ 
ter, with doors at each end ; in front of the cows is 
an alley for feeding, 16 feet wide, through which a 
wagon can be driven from end to end. Behind the 
stanchions is a standing platform for the cows, with 
a drop 15 inches wide, then a walk of 3 feet, and a 
manure-pit 7i feet wide and 4 feet deep, with a ce¬ 
ment floor. In the rear are several sliding-doors, 
one in each bent, for removing manure. The pit for 
grains is covered with railroad iron and flagging. 
A perspective view of the barn, showing its situa¬ 
tion, is given in figure 3. 
A Milk-house for Winter and Summer. 
In response to several requests we give a method 
i ■ !! ■* Bn i i^i I' TjTn f ■■ 
An Orange Co. (If. Y.) Dairy Barn. 
The accompanying engravings are to illustrate 
a milk-dairy barn, belonging to J. E. S. Gardner, of 
[rrm 
; l 
-- m 
BAY MOW 
73X32 
HAr SHOOT HAY SHOOT STAIRS 
FLOOR 
-. til 
. to 
-f£ 
-- O 
— 1 
FI H ITTffT 
1 
Fig. 1.— PLAN OF MAIN FLOOR. 
Orange Co., N. Y. This barn is 110 feet long, 32 
feet wide, 20 feet high, with a basement 9 feet high. 
The building is on a slope, facing west. In front is 
a pit for preserving brewery grains, 30 feet long, 
of building a brick Milk-house, with an air-space 
in the walls to keep it cool in summer, and warm in 
winter. Figure 1 is a sectional drawing. The out¬ 
side is of brick, laid lengthwise, so as to make the 
wall 4 inches thick; the corners are to be well 
bound together at each alternate row of bricks; 
the inner wall of lath and plaster is supported on 
2 x 4-inch upright studs, or furring pieces, 16 inches 
apart from cen¬ 
ters, placed edge¬ 
wise, to leave an 
air space of 4 
inches. The laths Fig. 2. —section of wall. 
are nailed upon 
these. The furring pieces rest upon the founda¬ 
tion of brick, bedded in cement, laid crosswise, to 
make an 8-inch bearing. The floor should be c'ov- 
