128-4 
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST, 
[August, 
fertilized, may easily produce 600 or 800 bushels 
per acre, well worth 10 cents a bushel for cows, 
sheep, or pigs, and which will keep until January 
in good condition. 800 lbs. per acre of artificial 
turnip manure, or superphosphate, will aid greatly. 
Southern Fodder Crops .—In the South, fodder 
crops may be consumed upon the ground, and the 
labor of harvesting saved. Turnips may be thus 
•used for sheep, cattle, or pigs. For fall pasture, 
'hay, rye, wheat, oats, barley, or millet, may be 
sown late this month ; but as a drouth may render 
'the ground too hard for plowing, this work should 
be done at the earliest convenience. 
Plowing .—Mo time should be lost in plowing the 
■land intended for fall crops. A double benefit will 
^accrue in avoiding the risk of a drouth-hardened 
soil, and at no other time can weeds be so easily 
killed as now. One or two workings with a culti¬ 
vator, or harrowing before weeds go to seed, will ef¬ 
fect a good fall-fallowing and add fertility to the soil. 
Green Fodder not required for feeding should be 
cut and cured for winter use before ripening. A 
well-worked crop of fodder-corn may very well be 
followed by fall grain or turnips. No piece of 
■arable ground should be left idle. 
Winter Oats are a valuable crop for the South, 
and as far north as Virginia, but a trial last season 
convinced the writer that this is not a crop for the 
North. Not one plant survived from a bushel of 
seed sown. In the South, the seed is sown next 
month, but the ground should be fitted as soon as 
possible. 2& to 3 bushels of seed per acre is re¬ 
quired. For winter pasture, and cutting for early 
spring fodder, this is very valuable. 
Artificial Fertilizers .—Experience gained the past 
■season goes to show that liberal manuring is the 
imost economical. We can see in the past harvest 
-where five dollars worth more fertilizer per acre 
would have given twice that value of grain. There 
can be no doubt that artificial manuring must be¬ 
come a part of our settled practice in the future, 
and making a few careful experiments will give 
valuable experience as to the use of these fertilizers. 
Bedaiming Waste Lands .—No farmer can now 
■afford to let any of his land lie idle, especially 
swamp lands, which, wheu reclaimed, may make 
the richest part of the farm. The present month 
is a good time for the work. Drains may be opened, 
■and brush cut now will rarely sprout again. In 
•doing this work, it is best to clear thoroughly as 
■one goes. The portion begun should be grubbed, 
levelled, plowed, and, if desired, sown to grass be¬ 
fore a second plot is touched. By finishing an acre or 
two,something effective is performed, and there will 
mot be the discouragement and dissatisfaction felt 
ms when a large piece is beguu and left unfinished. 
Com .—Now that pastures are dry and bare, a pro¬ 
vision of green fodder will be found acceptable. 
When green fodder is given, a regular ration of one 
ounce of salt daily should be supplied. A cow giv¬ 
ing 10 to 12 quarts of milk per day, will consume 
80 pounds of green fodder with 4 quarts of grain, 
every 24 hours. Where green fodder is provided, 
it may be well to keep the cows in a dark stable 
during the heat of the day. The past month the 
writer has found a considerable difference in the 
yield of milk in favor of this mid-day shade and rest. 
Horses .—A run in a pasture field at night will be 
very acceptable to the working horses. In close 
stables the flies greatly disturb them, which they 
escape in the field. After a day’s work, to sponge 
the coat with clean water, having a dash of carbolic 
soap in it, will be refreshing and healthful, and 
will prevent much of the annoyance from flies. 
-Cleanliness will almost entirely avoid the disagreea¬ 
ble horse smell so prevalent iu warm weather. The 
night’s pasture should not be counted as part, of 
the feed; the usual feed should be given before 
they are turned out in the evening. 
’Galls of the Skin .—Where the skin is chafed or 
galled by the harness, it should be washed with 
salt, water, and, when dry, painted with spirits of 
turpentine. This will heal the raw spot, and keep 
off the flies. To prevent galls, scrape and wipe off 
with a wet cloth the harness where it presses close- 
3y upon the skin. Pads are to be avoided. A collar 
or other part that will admit of a pad under it, fits 
badly, and is almost certain to produce galls. 
Colts may now get a few oats daily as the grass 
fails. A shelter should be provided in the pasture 
where they can find shade ; it should be in an airy 
part of the field, free from flies. 
Sheep .—Ewes that are separated from the iambs 
should be closely watched, and the milk drawn 
from those whose udders are full. Where early 
lambs are wanted, the ewes should now be well 
fed; a pint of mixed rye, buckwheat and linseed 
meal may be given, and the ram introduced into the 
pen at night. For early lambs, the Southdown 
cross is preferable for quality, and the Cotswold for 
size. The flock will need the closest watchfulness 
just now ; the gad-fly, dysentery, and the maggot 
are troublesome and dangerous enemies at this 
season. Count the flock every evening, and look 
up the stragglers without loss of time. 
Pigs and Poultry, are omnivorous animals, and 
their tastes should be consulted. Wheu in confine¬ 
ment, some fresh green food is needed, and a few 
chopped cabbages, or corn fodder will be greatly 
relished. Cleanliness in the pens will prevent dis¬ 
ease, and keep vermin away. To keep places of this 
kind clean is much less trouble and labor than to 
make them clean when they have been neglected. 
Plenty of whitewash inside will cleanse and sweeten. 
How to Apply Whitewash .—Make a barrel full of 
lime-wash by slacking a bushel of fresh lime iu a 
pork barrel, filling up the barrel with water, and 
stirring until thoroughly well mixed. Strain the 
wash into a pail as it is needed. With one of the 
Whitman Fountain Pumps give the walls and cell¬ 
ing a douche bath of the lime wash, pumping it 
freely into the corners and crevices. With care, 
not a splash need come upon the clothes, and the 
hands may be protected by an old pair of mittens 
or a pair of old socks. 
Notes for the Orchard and Garden. 
Sufficient was said last month on the holiday of 
the orchardist and gardener, and on its profitable 
use. With many this will be the month of greatest 
leisure, and it will, we trust, be to many one of 
recreation; others having had their holiday, have 
already begun to look at the fall work. Of course, 
with such a wide circle, our Notes must always 
look forwards and backwards, and at the risk of 
much repetition we advise consulting “last 
month’s Notes.” 
Orchard and Nursery. 
We have before stated that, so far as the nursery 
is concerned, we do not pretend to act as a guide 
to the professional nurserymen, but only to give 
such hints as may be of use to those who propagate 
trees for their own or their neighbors’ planting. 
We would especially call the attention of 
Farmers' Boys to the fact that there is nothing in 
the whole routine of raising ordinary fruit-trees 
that is beyond their skill, and that there is a chance 
of adding essentially to their income, if they will 
supply such trees as their neighbors are likely to 
want. We can not, in these Notes, go into every 
Nursery Detail, but the whole story is so plainly 
told by one of our most successful nurserymen, 
Mr. P. Barry, in his “Fruit Garden,” that with this 
as a guide, we do not see how it is possible for any 
one of fair intelligence to go astray. It is worth 
while for young men, in localities where trees are 
likely to be in demand for some years to come, as 
they will be generally, to think of this matter. 
There is no Mystery about any of the operations 
of grafting and budding. Anv boy who can make 
a willow whistle, can successfully perform these 
operations. It only needs a trial to show how easy 
both arc. In a nursery the first need is 
The Stocks, and these arc for the most part raised 
from seed. Therefore, begin and collect peach- 
stones, etc. It is a notion among some peach- 
growers that only the seeds of the “ native ” or un¬ 
budded peach should be used for stocks. On thq 
other hand, excellent authorities claim that the 
seed of any healthy peach is as good as that of the 
“Indian ” peach, and we really do not see why it 
should not be so. The jieach-growers of Europe 
have no wild trees to supply them with stocks, and 
we hear no complaint on this account. 
Apple and Pear Stocks are raised from miscellane¬ 
ous seed, that of the pear being usually imported, 
while apple seeds are obtained from the pomace of 
the cider mills. When the operations are small, 
and most beginners will make their first attempts 
with hundreds instead of thousands, it is easy to 
get seed for stocks from the fruit eaten or other¬ 
wise disposed of in the family. Have boxes, pots, 
or other vessels of sand, put iu convenient places, 
and lot every member of the family who cats an 
apple or a pear, remove the seeds from the core, 
and cover them with the sand; let the same be 
done with fruit to be used for cooking. In this man¬ 
ner the beginner can procure all the apple and pear 
seeds he will need to plant for stocks next spring. 
Gathering Fruit .—Sufficient was said last mouth 
on the summer varieties of apples. With early 
pears, special care is often needed, as most of these, 
if allowed to remain too long upon the tree, will 
decay at the core. Just so soon as a pear is mature, 
which may be known by the readiness with which 
the stem parts from the tree, even if still quite 
hard, the fruit should be picked and marketed, or 
if to be consumed at home, ripened in the house. 
I.i Marketing Pears, study the characteristics of 
each variety, and so arrange the picking that the 
fruit will be firm when it reaches the market. 
Peaches should be the harder, the longer the dis¬ 
tance they arc to travel. Even for a near market, a 
single peach iu the proper condition to eat, may 
become bruised, aud spoil the appearance of the 
whole crate or basket. The peck basket, which we 
illustrated a few years ago, has now become com¬ 
mon iu city markets, but is still mainly used by 
dealers for repacking. Growers should study the 
wants of their market, and endeavor to supply 
them, and not leave these and the attendant profit 
to middle men. The success of growers of fruit of 
all kinds depends largely upon their 
Commission Men. — Do not change consignees 
without due cause. Recollect that there is scarcely 
any business in which there are so many chances of 
going wrong as iu handling fruit. The delay of a 
traiu for a few hours, while quite beyond the control 
of the consignee, may cause him to sell the fruit far 
below the rates of earlier arrivals. Fix upon your 
commission men early in the seasou, and stick to 
them until good reason is found for a change. 
Every fruit-producing district, the peach regions 
especially, is over-run with glib-tongued chaps, who 
ore abundant with promises. Give little heed to 
such; as a general thing they are mere “ sidewalk ” 
dealers, with no “local habitation.” It is a safe 
rule to consign fruit to well-established houses 
only. There are men who have been in the busi¬ 
ness for years, and who have worked hard to build 
up a reputation for fair dealing. Each city has 
such, and it will be well to find them out. 
Young Trees will often suffer more severely this 
month than in any other, from dry weather, and 
even now, it may be necessary to apply a mulch— 
anything: straw, grass, chips, stones—whatever 
will cover the surface and prevent evaporation, to 
6ave them. On these young trees 
Control the New Growth .—If shoots start where 
they are not wanted, rub them off. If some limbs 
are far ahead of others, check the rampant growers 
by pinching off their ends. The growth may be 
thus controlled, and future pruning avoided. 
Insects are, as in other months, to be expected, 
and must be kept in control. The “ Late,” or “ Fall- 
Web-Worm ” will continue to weave its nets, and 
the shortest way is to cut off twigs and put them un¬ 
der-foot. Late broods of plant-lice may be de¬ 
stroyed by strong tobacco-water. 
Budding is in season this month, according to the 
locality. In the Northern States, cherries, plums, 
and pears on their own stocks will be continued, or 
finished, while later in the month will be the usual 
time for budding peaches aud pears on quince. 
