October 14,1871.] THE PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS. 
305 
the overcoming, one by one, of the difficulties expe¬ 
rienced. And by 1867-68 these difficulties had been so 
far overcome, that he felt no doubt of economic success 
in the growth of G. succirubra and C. calisaya. When Dr. i 
T. Anderson left for England in the spring of 1869, he 
left his successors merely to pursue in cinchona culture 
the plans of proceeding which he had brought into suc¬ 
cessful operation. 
An official report is hardly the proper place to enlarge 
on the private loss sustained by the death of one who 
died deeply regretted by every one who knew him, but 
I may express here my opinion of the magnitude of the 
loss which science and this country have sustained by 
the death in early prime of a botanist, who simply said, 
that after nine years’ continued study of Indian plants, 
he felt that he might now begin to publish with satis¬ 
faction to himself. 
The year has been unusually wet, the rainfall boing 
about 40 inches in excess of the average amount. The 
cold-weather six months, ended 31st March, 1871, have 
also been unusually moist, and growth, shown by the 
measured plants during the cold weather, is unusually 
large in consequence. 
No improvement in the plantations of C. officinalis 
took place during the year: the number of plants re¬ 
turned in the table appended is but 440,000, which must 
be understood to mean that no fresh plants have been 
planted out since the last report, and that the number 
of deaths has not been counted. In accordance with 
the recommendation in paragraph 2 of the report of the 
cinchona commission, the C. officinalis is now being cut 
down. There is every reason to suppose that Dr. T. 
Anderson was right in attributing the failure of C. offici¬ 
nalis at Rungbee to the too great moisture, for on the 
drier slopes of Tukvar, north of Darjeeling, the president 
of the cinchona commission found a small experimental 
plantation of C. officinalis much superior to any part of 
the Rungbee plantations, and showing promise of 
making at least small trees. 
The number of cinchona plants in permanent planta¬ 
tions was as under:— 
C. succirubra. C. officinalis . C. calisaya. 
31st March, 1870. . 1,055,100 406,899 4,000 
30th September, 1870 1,219,715 440,000 24,860 
31st March, 1871. . 1,233,715 440,000 33,000 
The harvest of C. calisaya seed is good, and will suffice 
for a large extension of C. calisaya by seedlings next 
year. 
I have to thank Herr Yon Gorkom, director of the 
Government cinchona plantations of Java, for several 
valuable consignments of seed of C. calisaya, of which 
nearly every single seed germinated. 
The plantation has been able to respond to all appli¬ 
cations for seed of C. succirubra and of C. officinalis , but 
is likely for another year to have less C. calisaya seed 
than is wanted for its own requirements. 
The general growth of the plantations of C. succirubra 
and of C. calisaya has been good during the year, and 
their present condition satisfactory. The number of 
deaths, except of plants during their first season out, 
which have been planted in swampy places, has been 
exceedingly small. Cinchonas planted where the water 
stagnates never grow at all, as Mr. Mclvor has observed; 
and some members of the cinchona commission have 
suggested that a little more selection in regard to site of 
plantation might be advantageously employed. The 
ground for planting is cleared of jungle by burning, and 
it is very difficult to foresee that cinchona will not grow 
in any particular spot: for, however wet it may be, 
provided the water does not hang, cinchona may grow 
excellently; and on the whole the head gardener inclines 
to uniform planting, and filling up vacancies but once, 
as has been for some time the practice. 
The important portion of the plantation is now Rishap, 
and I have prepared the subjoined table to show the 
growth of the measured plants there of the two species 
C. succirubra and G. calisaya :— 
Rishap. — Altitude , 2000 feet. Planted 29 th March, 1867. 
G. succirubra , No. 1 . 
2 . 
Total . . 14,000 8,140 
Of C. succirubra there are also now 480,000 young plants 
(mainly seedlings) in the nursery beds. I may explain 
once more that the nature of the ground at Rungbee 
does not admit uniform planting. Where the ground 
admits, the plants are planted 6 feet by 6, and when 
1200 have been put out, this is reckoned an acre of cin¬ 
chona, a further allowance of 20 per cent, being made 
for filling up of vacancies. The vacancies are filled up 
once only, in the year succeeding that of planting. 
In accordance with instructions received from the 
supreme Government, it was attempted to raise 500,000 
plants in the nursery beds for planting out during the 
present season, and the jungle has been burnt on suffi¬ 
cient land to hold the 480,000 that have been raised. 
It has been observed, however, that as in the case of 
most other trees, the chief point to secure in planting- 
out young cinchonas is that they shall start well; hence 
those parts of the plantations planted early in the season 
are found generally very superior to the autumn planted 
portions. It is therefore proposed to plant out as many 
of the 480,000 young succirubras as can be got out before 
the end of July, and to reserve the rest in the nursery 
beds for planting out in the early spring of 1872. 
The C. calisaya is planted now at the same distance 
apart as G. succirubra , viz., 6 feet by 6; the early plant¬ 
ing was 5 feet by 5, which was certainly too close. The 
number of “ acres,” therefore, of C. calisaya will be about 
thirty in permanent plantation; and this will be in¬ 
creased to about eighty during the present season. 
n 
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99 
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G. calisaya , No. 1 . 
2 . 
3 . 
4 . 
5 . 
6 . 
7 . 
8 . 
9 . 
10 . 
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99 
99 
99 
99 
99 
99 
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129 
159 
179 
20 
50 
145 
172 
190 
18 
45 
129 
161 
190 
29 
61 
146 
179 
206 
27 
60 
158 
166 
199 
33 
41 
158 
182 
217 
35 
59 
105 
133 
154 
21 
49 
152 
176 
206 
30 
54 
135 
144 
160 
16 
25 
114 
119 
128 
9 
14 
Total 
• • 
458 
136 
180 
184 
4 
48 
137 
165 
184 
19 
47 
136 
164 
177 
13 
41 
126 
142 
159 
17 
33 
129 
146 
158 
12 
29 
138 
162 
182 
20 
44 
138 
169 
192 
23 
54 
130 
159 
174 
15 
44 
129 
156 
169 
13 
40 
138 
168 
183 
15 
45 
Total 
• • 
425 
This gives an average growth per succirubra-tree of 
45-8 inches, and per calisaya-tree of 42 5 inches, during 
their fourth year out. Mr. M‘Ivor describes the giovtk 
of the C. calisaya at Rishap as splendid during the first two 
years, and in some cases during the first three years. _ 13ut 
I submit that these figures fully justify the unanimous 
statement of the gardeners at Rungbee, that the rato 
of growth during the first two or three years is subse¬ 
quently maintained, or nearly so. 
