306 
THE PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS. [October 14,1871. 
There is a numbered stick at the base of each measured 
tree, and as the height and continued growth of these 
trees is a fact which cannot he got over, I shall mention 
that they were measured by Mr. Kennedy, the gardener 
at Rishap ; that the measurements have been verified by 
the head gardener in charge ; and that, further, I mea¬ 
sured these trees myself early in March, and am there¬ 
fore able to state that the measurements sent down can¬ 
not possibly he materially in error. 
But it has been asserted to me that the sticks at the 
base of the measured trees have been shifted. If this were 
so, it "would deprive the measurements of all value, unless 
as to the “ exceptional ” growth of trees at Rishap, which 
is not a disputed fact. 
I must, however, be permitted to show in detail that 
the stidks cannot (except in one instance, viz. C. calisaya , 
No. 2) have been shifted since the plants were put out. 
First, I can state of my own knowledge that sticks have 
not been shifted since August, 1869, when I first saw the 
plantation; and secondly, the gardeners on the planta¬ 
tion state positively that no stick has been shifted since 
Mr. Kennedy (the gardener now in charge at Rishap) 
came there, upwards of three years ago. 
The circumstantial evidence that these sticks (except 
C. calisaya , No. 2) have never been shifted, is exceedingly 
strong. 
First, as to the ten C. succirubra sticks. The first eight 
sticks are placed regularly against one row of plants 
near the gardener’s bungalow, and the sticks Nos. 9 and 
10 are placed opposite two plants in the next adjoining 
row. It is tolerably clear that the gardener placed the 
sticks against a good row of plants near his bungalow, 
convenient for close observation. He selected as good a 
row as he could find close to the bungalow, but he might 
have selected a far better row if he troubled to go a few 
yards down the hill. As to sticks Nos. 9 and 10, they 
"were placed in the next adjoining row, and certainly not 
against the two best trees. Indeed, No. 10 is about the 
worst tree in the row, and has (Mr. Kennedy says) 
always been so ; and it was probably selected because it 
was Che tree next the path and easy to get at to measure. 
The trees being in rows, no one of the first eight sticks 
could have been shifted unless all were, which is clearly 
impossible; and as to sticks Nos. 9 and 10, assuming 
that they have been shifted, they must have been shifted 
disadvantageously to the measurement. 
There remains in addition to these arguments Mr. 
Kennedy’s very plain remark, that if he was to shift the 
sticks to one ot the best rows of trees, he could show a 
very different admeasurement, as several trees in four 
years out have passed twenty-five feet, and very many 
have passed twenty feet. 
Next we come to the ten C. calisaya plants. In this 
case one row of eight trees is taken, in which the sticks' 
proceed regularly from one to eight, and sticks No. 9 and 
10 are placed regularly in the next row. But the stick 
No 2 has been evidently removed at some time from the 
second tree, and now stands at the base of the eleventh 
tree. 
A very slight examination of the second tree shows 
that early in life it lost its leader, which was doubtless 
the reason that the stick was shifted; but the tree No. 2 
is now about as large as the others. The stick No. 2 
was doubtless shifted very shortly after the plants were 
put out, and if it were put back to plant No. 2, the 
growth of the C. calisaya would stand as nearly as possible 
the same. The biggest C. calisaya trees are in an ad¬ 
joining row to the measured row. 
I should add that these measurements show less than 
the fair growth of the trees, because in order to avoid all 
cavil about shifting the sticks, or about cutting out the 
bad trees and leaving only the successful ones to be 
measured, the lines of the measured trees have not been 
thinned, so that the trees stand too thickly to show what 
the growth is in the plantation after thinning out. The 
growth in the small patch of plantation thinned out in 
the cold weather, 1869-70, is certainly greater than that 
shown by the measured trees. 
The average growth of the measured plants is a fair 
index of what the cinchona trees are doing at the level 
2000 feet, and below it; but the growth is steadily less 
as we ascend the hill, and in several parts of Rishap, at 
3500 feet, is comparatively very small. A considerable 
portion of the 1868 and 1869 plantations, was planted at 
these higher levels, and will come into bai’k-bearing 
much later than the lower level trees. A large area of 
1868 planting will not be fit for thinning before Christ¬ 
mas 1872-73, and this will so far diminish the amount 
of bark which I calculated on from next season’s thin¬ 
ning. On the other hand, the Teesta plantations, which 
wei'e so seriously damaged by fire and deer that they 
were reported, in June 1869, no longer worth report, 
have recovered wonderfully, and now exhibit patches 
which some members of the cinchona commission 
thought the finest in the whole Rungbee plantation. 
These trees are growing at an elevation of from 450 to 
900 feet above the sea, and are covered with lichens. 
The policy at Rungbee has been for some time to push 
the C. succirubra high up, and reserve the low level 
ground for C. calisaya; but I do not now feel at all 
sure that this will not have to be altered, and that 
the low level gi'ound lately handed over to the forest 
department may not hereafter be asked for again for 
cinchona. The ground is, however, much less saturated 
by springs and swamps at the upper levels, and though 
the growth is slower, the plantation stands more uni¬ 
formly, less in patches, there than below. 
With the continued gi'owth of the older trees (i.c. 
those which have entered at least on their foui'th year of 
growth out in the plantation). I feel no apprehension 
whatever that they may early die out; and as regards 
the opinion that 100,000 of such trees will die out with¬ 
in the current year, I do not think it necessaiy to 
lengthen this repox't by a particular attempt to refute it 
by argument, the time being so very short, and, if such 
a calamity be impending, any means of obviating it so 
impossible. Should it occui’, it will be a most startling 
surprise both to myself and eveiy gai’dener about the 
place. 
A plant appeared spoi'adically among the C. succirubra 
plantations raised from Ceylon seed, which early at¬ 
tracted the attention of Dr. T. Anderson. In its power¬ 
ful habit of growth and general appeai’ance it much re¬ 
sembled C. succirubra , but yet clearly was not exactly 
that species. It was supposed to be a hybrid, and be¬ 
came known at Rungbee as the hybrid, to distinguish it 
from the various other casual hybrids. As the plants of 
it grew bigger, the head gardener was able to satisfy 
himself that it was no hybrid. Last year, at Dr. T. 
Anderson’s suggestion, the bark of one tree, two years 
old, was sent home for analysis to Mr. Howard, whose 
x-eport was most favourable; the quantities of total alka¬ 
loids and of crystallizable quinine being both rather 
higher than in our C. calisaya of the same age. As far 
as can be judged fi*om the dozen specimens of this plant 
about the plantation, it seems a hai'dier plant even than 
C. succirubra , and to flourish both higher up and lower 
down than C. succirubra will. I accordingly instructed 
the head gardener in charge to get up some stock of it, 
and there are now 1000 stock plants of this species, so 
that it will be possible to propagate it and extend its 
cultivation very rapidly. 
I l'eceived, about Chi'istmas, two cases of Cinchona 
pitayensis, which were sent out by the Secretary of State 
from England in chai’ge of Dr. Simpson, now civil 
surgeon of Patna, and which ai’rived in good condition. 
It is very difficult to judge of the species of cinchona 
while young; but this, nevertheless, carried such marked 
characters, that the head gai’dener became at once con¬ 
vinced that our unknown so-called hybrid was no other 
than Cinchona pitayensis . 
When Mr. M‘Ivor, howevei’, arrived at the Rungbee 
