November 4,1871.] THE PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS. 
375 
Mr. Howard wished to draw any practical result from 
that, or imply that there was any particular reason for 
growing succirubra in preference to officinalis. He should 
like to know whether the results obtained were founded 
upon a simple examination of one or two plants, or 
•whether they were arrived at by the examination of a 
an umber of plants, because every one who knew anything 
.about the development of plants would agree with him, 
that two plants selected promiscuously would not yield 
■any special result which could in any way be depended 
upon. There was another question in which he felt 
particularly interested. Some years ago Mr. Howard 
favoured them with an examination of the root-bark of 
•certain plants of Cinchona calisaya , and there was great 
■difference of opinion in regard to the matter; Mr. 
Howard showing that the root-bark was very much in¬ 
ferior in every respect to the stem-bark. But this re¬ 
sult was afterwards called in question, or rather, certain 
other investigators came to a different conclusion. If he 
Tightly understood Mr. Howard’s paper that evening, it 
was to this effect, that no special examination was 
■made of the root-bark, because it w'as too thin. If, 
However, he had made any such examination, it would 
be very interesting to know the comparative value of 
the root-bark and the stem-bark, not only as bearing 
upon the particular views which Mr. Howard had always 
.Held, but as bearing on those different alkaloids or diffe¬ 
rent parts of the bark which were of great importance to 
"those who took an interest in physiological botany. 
Mr. Howard remarked that, in reference to the dif¬ 
ferent species of Cinchona, he had always urged upon 
the Government the securing, in the first place, of all 
•the species they could get from South America, and 
giving them all a fair trial under different circum¬ 
stances. One species would develop much more rapidly 
in bog earth perhaps, while another would develope in 
loam. Succirubra would develope well in loam. Of course 
the climate had great influence on these trees, which were 
peculiarly susceptible of influence from light and cli- 
mate in various ways. His object had therefore been 
that the Government should not confine their attention 
to Cinchona succirubra , but that they should devote it to 
other species in proportion as they were found to be 
valuable. The object of his paper was, partly, to en¬ 
force that view of the subject; and he showed that the 
succirubra , though so rapid in its development, was not 
so good as the other. He had not had an opportunity of 
■examining the Calisaya upon so large a scale, but it was 
a better tree, although very delicate in its predilec¬ 
tions ; and he scarcely knew what to say about the suc¬ 
cess of. that species. He had seen specimens from 
Darjeeling which looked exceedingly good, although 
they did not bear out the full idea he had formed from 
Ihe appearance. He did not know why. With re¬ 
ference to Professor Bentley’s question, he remarked 
that he had not had any very great experience in the 
Harking of the roots; and, therefore, what he had said 
■•about root barks must be taken as founded on a limited 
•experience. When the roots run under moss, he had no 
•doubt the bark; on them would be very rich; but it was 
very different otherwise, for when the roots penetrated 
deeply into the ground it was thin and worthless. Mr. 
MTvor succeeded in getting the greatest products from 
xoots covered with moss, and he (Mr. Howard) had no 
doubt Dr. De Vrij was right in that respect, and to 
Him he readily yielded the palm. 
Mr. Brady paid he would propose a vote of thanks to 
Mr. Howard for his excellent paper, in order that 
He might, by a sort of side wind, have the oppor¬ 
tunity of saying two or three words upon the subject 
which had been introduced to their notice. He appre¬ 
hended there was no one present who had a right to 
••speak critically concerning cinchona barks or their pro¬ 
ducts after Mr. Howard had spoken. Some years ago 
He had an opportunity, partly through the kindness of 
Mr. Howard, of following certain of that gentleman’s 
researches in connection with the microscopical structure 
of cinchona barks, and Since that time he had accepted 
with implicit faith everything that Mr. Howard said in 
connection with them. He had been asked by the edi¬ 
tors of the Pharmaceutical Journal to review' Dr. Berg’s 
‘ Anatomischer Atlas zur pharmazeutischen Waaren- 
kunde,’ and he had then been led to examine critically 
the microscopical structure of a considerable number of 
the varieties of barks found in commerce. It was well 
known to them that the late Dr. Berg, of Berlin, had 
opposed Mr. Howard's views relative to the condition 
in which the alkaloids occurred in these barks. Dr. 
Berg’s researches were followed by Delondre, by Phoebus 
and others, w r ith some confirmation; but ho was bound 
to confess that, having investigated the subject with all 
the care that he could, he came to the conclusion that 
Mr. Howard wns entirely in the right. It was only due 
to Mr. Howard, who w r as kind enough to supply him with 
part of the specimens wHich had come under his ex¬ 
amination, to make this acknowdedgment; and, to put 
himself in order, he would now move that their cordial 
thanks be given to Mr. How-ard for this and his other 
contributions to the history of cinchona barks. 
The President said it w'as unusual to put a vote of 
thanks in the course of the proceedings, but on the pre¬ 
sent occasion he felt great pleasure in being called upon 
to put such a resolution, because he felt, as he had no 
doubt they all did, that they were greatly indebted to 
Mr. How'ard for everything he brought before them in 
connection with cinchona barks. 
The resolution having been cordially agreed to, 
Mr. Howard briefly acknowledged the compliment, 
and took the opportunity of saying that his vie vs on the 
points alluded to had been confirmed latterly by Mr. 
Broughton in India and M. Carles in Paris. 
Pharmacy in America. 
The President mentioned that, according to the 
programme of the evening's proceedings, Mr. Greenish 
would read a paper upon “ Pharmacy in North Ger¬ 
manybut previously to doing so, perhaps they w’ould 
permit him (the President) to mention that they had 
present that evening a gentleman who lived at a great 
distance from the metropolis, and whom, consequently, 
they did not often see amongst them. He alluded to 
Mr. Brady, who had just returned from America, where 
he had seen and heard a great deal in connection with 
pharmacy; and he should feel much obliged to that gen¬ 
tleman if he w'ould give them that evening some account 
of his journey and reception on the other side of the 
Atlantic. 
Mr. Brady said that he would not question the right 
of the President to change the ordinary course of busi¬ 
ness by calling upon an inconspicuous pharmacist to 
give his experience on some entirely foreign subject, 
but he really scarcely knew what to say, or what was 
expected of him. It was true that he had been to 
America and only recently returned, and that his object 
in going there was, in part, to attend the meeting 
of the American Pharmaceutical Association, a body 
which, as they knew, resembled in many respects the 
British Pharmaceutical Conference rather than the 
Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. He did not 
know how he could muster the presumption, with his 
friend Mr. Howden in the same room, to offer any obser¬ 
vations about American pharmacy. Was it not all 
written in the chronicles of their Journal P Did not 
Mr. Howden read in that room a most elaborate discourse 
on the condition of pharmacy in America, which, if he 
recollected rightly, was considered so important that a 
second meeting was called to discuss it ? Ho had no 
idea half an hour ago that he was going to be called 
upon to make any statement with regard to his American 
visit; indeed, he thought that, having travelled all night, 
without the advantage of a “sleeping-car,” he should 
have been allowed to go quietly to bed. And now he 
