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THE PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS. [November 18,1871. 
-creation but will at some time or other be rendered sub¬ 
servient to the use of mankind, and that the great agent 
-which will be employed for that purpose will be che¬ 
mistry. 
The School of Pharmacy has been established for the 
special benefit of the rising generation of pharmacists. 
Your lines have fallen to you in pleasant places. Your 
lot is very different from those who entered the profes¬ 
sion thirty or forty years ago. When I first went as an 
■apprentice we commenced the duties of the day at six 
o’clock in the morning by taking down the shutters, 
and had the privilege of putting them up at nine o’clock 
in the evening, and of finally closing the door at ten 
o’ clock. After sixteen hours of labour, I need not tell 
you, we were truly thankful to fall into the arms of Mor¬ 
pheus. At that time of day all drugs were powdered by 
mortar and pestle, peppers ground in a hand-mill and 
paints on a slab with a muller. Quicksilver we used to 
hill by means of “elbow grease,” by rubbing in a mortar 
for three weeks together. The hours of labour were not 
lessened when I became a retail assistant in London. 
There we commenced the duties of the day every six out 
of seven, by going into the shop at seven o’clock in the 
morning and never leaving it until half-past eleven 
o’clock at night. This will give you some idea of the 
few opportunities the old generation of pharmacists had 
of obtaining a scientific knowledge of their business. 
Schools of pharmacy there were none. The only 
lectures at all bearing on the subject were those delivered 
at the Medical Schools in London. Most of those whose 
names have been eminent in pharmacy during the past 
generation, laid the foundation of their knowledge and 
their success in life by availing themselves of those 
lectures. But very few members of the trade were able 
to do so. 
Here, in Hull, you have the means of obtaining a 
thorough knowledge of your profession. You have the 
advantage of an exceedingly able lecturer, and every¬ 
thing necessary to illustrate his lectures. Give to him 
your undivided attention whilst you are here; devote 
your leisure hours to the study of those subjects on which 
he lectures. Give your minds and imaginations no time 
to run riot, thus shall your paths be kept from evil and 
a glorious future of a useful career await you. 
I trust I have done something in my time by example 
to shorten the hours of toil. So exhausted was I when 
I left the retail situation in London, that for twelve 
months I was unable to do anything. Exhausted in 
hody and mind by such excessive toil, I determined, 
when I commenced business for myself that no one 
should ever, in my employment, work the same number 
■of hours which I had done. I consider myself the 
pioneer of early closing in Hull. Ever since I have 
Been in business, have I closed my shop at eight o’clock 
in the evening, when there was not another in the town 
that did. I do not mean to say that I do not supply 
medicines after that hour, but I do not court trade after 
that hour at the expense of the health, happiness and 
social comfort of those around me. 
There is one other subject I should wish to say a few 
words on before I sit down. I shall probably never live 
to see it, but I trust most of you will, when the practice 
of pharmacy will be entirely separated from the practice 
of medicine ; when there will be a broad line of demar¬ 
cation between the two branches of the profession; 
when there will be no longer surgeons keeping open 
druggist shops and surgeries, as so many do in London; 
when there will be no more prescribing druggists; when 
each will confine themselves to their respective branches 
• of the profession ; when each branch will unite together 
only for the purpose of discovering new remedies for the 
treatment and cure of disease and suffering. Probably 
ninety parts out of every hundred of the medicine used 
in this country is sent out of the surgeries of me¬ 
dical practitioners and the dispensaries, infirmaries and 
.-other public institutions. This compels the great majo¬ 
rity of the chemists and druggists of this kingdom to deal 
in a multiplicity of articles which are not drugs, but 
this they are compelled to do or to starve. I cannot 
help thinking that if the two branches of the profession 
were entirely separated, and there were only prescribers 
and dispensers, they would both be great gainers in 
social standing. 
MIDLAND COUNTIES CHEMISTS’ 
ASSOCIATION. 
On Thursday evening, November 2nd, Mr. Wood¬ 
ward, B.Sc., of the Birmingham and Midland Institute, 
gave the first of a series of special lectures on the “ Che¬ 
mistry of the British Pharmacopoeia” to the students 
attending the classes lately formed in connection with 
the Midland Counties Chemists’ Association. These 
lectures are given on the first Thursday in the month, 
and are in addition to the usual chemistry lectures every 
Tuesday evening. 
Mr. Woodward has not only thrown them open to 
members of the Midland Counties Association attending 
the chemistry classes, but also to those attending the 
Latin and botany classes. It is hoped, therefore, that 
there will be a good attendance of those for whom the 
lectures are intended. 
NORWICH CHEMISTS’ ASSISTANTS’ 
ASSOCIATION. 
The following arrangements of classes have been 
made for the winter session :— 
On successive Mondays, Botany, by Mr. P. H. Mason; 
Materia Medica, Mr. A. J. Caley; Galenicals of the Bri¬ 
tish Pharmacopoeia, Mr. J. Goodenough. 
On Wednesdays, Chemistry of the British Pharma¬ 
copoeia, by Mr. E. Nuthall. 
It is also intended that three prizes shall be awarded, 
at the close of the winter session, to those students who 
shall have made greatest progress in their studies, the 
test for which will be a vivd voce examination, to be 
held in April, 1872. The subjects comprised will be 
those required for the “ Minor Examination” (with the 
exception of practical dispensing). 
Those students only will be eligible to compete who 
shall have attended at least two-thirds of the winter 
classes. 
Mr. A. J. Caley, before entering upon the subjects in 
which he had undertaken to instruct the members of the 
materia-medica class, gave the students a short but en¬ 
couraging address, in which he urged the necessity of 
real study, and pointed out that the examinations of the 
Pharmaceutical Society were not to be so easily passed 
as some of the students appeared to imagine. 
SOCIETY OF ARTS. 
Dyes and Dye-Stuees other than Aniline.* 
BY DR. CRACE-CALVERT, F.Jt.S. 
Lecture I. 
Red Colouring Substances. — Madder, 
(Continued from page 396.) 
Pure alizarine sublimes, at a temperature of 460° F., 
into pale orange prismatic crystals. When slowly crys¬ 
tallized from an ethereal solution, it forms a hydrate, 
containing two equivalents of water, which crystallizes 
in lustrous scales. Cold water dissolves a mere trace of 
alizarine, but its solvent power increases as the tempera- 
* Cantor Lecture, delivered Tuesday, Feb. 7. Reprinted 
from the Journal of the Society of Arts. 
