52 G 
THE PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS. [December SO, 1871. 
Source of Compound. Formulae. 
(E) Further action of 
water ou (C) . . C 08 H 80 N 4 O lo ,4HI=4X+4HI—2H 2 0. 
(F) Action of HI 6n 
(E) .C u8 H lo7 I 3 H t O 22J 4HI=4X+7HI+10H 2 O. 
(G) Codeia, HI, and 
P at 135° . . . C 08 H 82 T 2 N 4 O 0 ,4HI=4Y+GHI — 2H a O. 
(H) Action of water 
on (G) .... C 88 H 88 N 4 0 10 ,4HI=4Y+4HI+2H 2 0. 
(I) Action of III on 
(H).C 68 H 8tt IX 1 0 10) 4HI=4Y+5HI+2H 2 0. 
(J) Action of HI on 
(A).C 68 H 103 I 3 H 1 O xo ,4HI=4Y+7HI+8H a O. 
Although it may well happen that further researches 
may show that some of the above formulae require some ; 
slight correction, the analytical numbers not always 
agreeing together absolutely accurately, yet the follow¬ 
ing points may he considered established:— 
(1.) The action of hydriodic acid on codeia polymerizes 
it, the ultimate compounds formed being derived from at 
least four molecules of codeia. Hydrobromic acid also 
polymerizes codeia, but not so completely as hydriodic 
acid, there being found, in addition to the tetra-bases, 
compounds which (from their crystalline character and 
other physical properties) are apparently derived from 
1 molecule only of codeia. Hydrochloric acid does not 
appear to have a marked polymerizing effect on codeia. 
(2.) Hydriodic, hydrobromic and hydrochloric acids 
all eliminate methyl from codeia, forming ultimately' 
compounds containing «C l7 . 
(3.) The compounds got by the action of hydriodic 
acid in presence of phosphorus indicate that the carbon 
groups contained in codeia are in an eminently “unsa- 
turated” condition, being capable of taking up several 
molecules of HI and of H 2 0, forming compounds not 
decomposed at 100°; 2 equivalents of hydrogen for every 
Cj- being also added on in every' case. 
PAPER MANUFACTURE IN JAPAN. 
Europeans are so accustomed to attribute a great pro¬ 
portion of the development of civilization amongst them¬ 
selves to the invention of the art of printing, and the 
kindred and necessary art of paper-making, that they 
are apt to lose sight of the fact that both arts were prac¬ 
tised in eastern Asia centuries before they were known 
in Europe. With regard to the introduction of paper¬ 
making into Europe, Eustathius, who wrote towards the 
end of the twelfth century, stated that the Egy'ptian 
papyrus had gone into disuse but a little before his time ; 
in Germany, at the end of the fourteenth century, the 
art was still a secret one, the workmen being bound by 
oath not to teach it to any one else, or to make paper on 
their own account; whilst it is doubtful whether the 
first paper-mill in this country was erected before the 
latter part of the sixteenth century'. In Japan, however, 
paper appears to have been imported from the Corea as 
early' as the third century, and the manufacture in that 
country probably dates from a period as early' as the 
year 610 a.d. But whilst, in China, the process of print¬ 
ing is very much the same as it was fifteen hundred 
years ago, the art of paper-making, although still car- j 
ried on in the rudest manner, has been so improved in ! 
Japan, that it has developed into an industry of far more 
importance in that country even than the corresponding 
manufacture in England. The list of articles fabricated 
by T Japanese ingenuity from paper outstrips, by far, in 
length a similar English list, even allowing for the very 
considerable increase that has taken place since the re¬ 
moval of the paper duty'. It includes such unlikely 
things as sun and rain umbrellas, handkerchiefs, soldiers’ 
hats, waterproof rain coats, tobacco pouches, and string, 
whilst several different kinds of paper are specially pre¬ 
pared for ornamenting and tying up the hair. A net 
coat, which is worn next the skin in warm weather by the 
Japanese, and will wash, is made by'rolling strips of 
strong paper into a sort of string, and then working 
them by hand into a neat net pattern. A paper hat, 
similar to our straw hats, is also made by the paper 
being twisted, plaited, shaped and varnished. 
But the development that has at present taken place 
in the paper-manufacture of England has resulted in a 
great dearth of suitable materials for carrying it on. 
Almost every species of tough fibrous vegetable or ani¬ 
mal substance, such as the roots and barks of trees, the 
bine of hops, the tendrils of the vine, hollyhock, cabbage 
and nettle-stalks, the common thistle, sugar-cane, beet¬ 
root, wood shavings, sawdust, hay, straw, willow, esparto, 
and the like, have been experimented upon at different 
times with more or less success. But the want still exists 
and is increasing. 
It is not therefore surprising that, under these cir¬ 
cumstances, attention should be turned towards a country 
in the economy of which paper-manufacture play's so 
large a part, and that an attempt should be made to as¬ 
certain whether any' of the sources from which the 
Japanese obtain their supply of material could be made 
available to the English manufacturer. In a dispatch 
to Sir Harry Parkes, dated May 13, 1869, the late Lord 
Clarendon requested that information on the subject 
should be collected and transmitted to this country. The 
results, in the shape of three reports, from her Majesty’s 
consuls at Kanagawa (illustrated by a very' curious series 
of facsimiles from Japanese pictures, showing tho details 
of the manufacture), Nagasaki and Osaka, were presented 
to Parliament during the last session, and have recently 
been printed. From these reports we propose to extract 
a few particulars that may prove of interest. 
The manufacture of paper from the paper-mulberry 
(.Broussonetia papyrifera) was introduced into Japan about 
a.d. 610, by' Shotoku Taishi, a son of the reigning mi¬ 
kado, who, seeing that the paper previously made did 
not take ink well, would not bear rough handling and 
tore very' easily, and moreover was liable, because of its 
material, to become worm-eaten, had recourse to the 
paper-mulberry'. From it he made four kinds, called 
unshi, shiku-inshi, haku-jushi, and zoku-hakushi, and 
he caused it to be extensively' planted all over the coun¬ 
try', and the mode of paper manufacture to be largely 
promulgated among the people. 
In the island of Kiusiu the paper-mulberry, or ma- 
kodzu is planted in the ninth and tenth moons, but in 
Kioto and its vicinity in tho first moon, the time varynng 
according to the climate of the place. Some old roots 
are separated and cut down to a length of about three 
inches; these are planted so that a little less than half 
an inch appears above ground. They grow about a foot 
high in the first y'ear, and in the second to a height of 
two or three feet. In the third year they reach a little 
over four feet; in the fourth y'ear they attain to six, or 
if particularly fine, to even nine and twelve feet. Each 
y'ear in the tenth moon they' are cut down to the roots, 
and from each stalk five branches appear the next year, 
so that in five y r ears a large and dense shrub is developed. 
The cuttings of the fifth y'ear’s growth are used for 
making paper. The roots will not thrive well in old 
ground; the best place for planting is round the edges 
of new-made ground or paddy'-fields. They will not 
flourish near salt or brackish water, nor beside millet or 
hum. If under-manured they die, and if too much 
manure is used the plant is injured. If planted in the 
vicinity of other crops, such as rice, they rejoice in the 
effects of the manure which is used for their neighbours. 
They aro sometimes planted on mounds which are raised 
along the beds of valley's, but newly-turned ground is 
the best. 
The paper-mulberry suffers from sunburn in a very 
dry summer; while if there is too much rain it grows 
too fast, and is then injured by the autumnal winds. 
Care has to be taken to protect the plants from the ra¬ 
vages of wild boar and deer, which delight to feed upon 
them. The shrub known as “ Ts’kuri-kake” is the best 
