December 30,1871.] THE PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS. 
527 
'for making paper of, but it is scarce and expensive. 
There is also a variety called “ kajiso,” which makes 
■good paper, but as it is more plentiful it is not so dear, 
though it is necessary to use a great deal of it. Another 
variety is called “ takaso.” Paper made of this is some¬ 
what inferior, but the shrub attains a great height, and 
it is not necessary to divide the roots; a cutting of it 
may be planted j ust as it is cut, and will thrive, and it 
does not require so much attention as the “makodzu” as 
regards manure; it will also thrive in swampy ground. 
It needs little care, and produces a tolerably large quan¬ 
tity of material for paper ; and at present this variety is 
largely cultivated. The shrubs, like other trees, bucl in 
spring, blossom in summer, and cast their leaves in au- 
•tumn: by the twelfth moon they are quite bare. 
The mulberry stalks are cut into lengths of two and 
a half to three feet, and steamed until the skin of the 
.stalk begins to separate at the cut ends. 
After steaming, the skins are stripped from the stalks 
and dried. They are then tied up in bundles and ex¬ 
posed to the action of running water for a period varying 
from twelve to twenty-four hours. The outer dark 
akin is scraped off by drawing it under a knife that is 
held in a stationary position by the right hand. This 
•dark scraping is thoroughly washed in running water, 
which causes it to open out flat, and boiled. It is then 
.allowed to rot, well beaten and used in making an in¬ 
ferior kind of paper. 
The inner fibre is taken to the river in bundles and 
thoroughly washed; and afterwards steeped in buckets 
>of water. The water is run off, and heavy stones are 
placed upon the fibre to express the remaining liquid. 
It is next boiled in water in which the ashes of burnt 
buckwheat have been infused until ail the sticky or glu¬ 
tinous matter is got rid of, it is then called “sosori.” 
Oreat care has to be taken to secure an even boiling, and 
when a difficulty occurs—as it sometimes does, and is 
generally believed to be the work of the Inugami, or 
<levil,—the boiling is assisted by throwing in wax-ash or 
■common lime; but this is likely to affect the colour of 
the paper, and give it a reddish hue. The sosori is again 
washed to remove all traces of the buckwheat infusion 
hy placing it in a basket, through which running w 7 ater 
is allowed to percolate, and it is afterwards strained. 
The night before the paper is to be made, the “ sosori” 
.should be again washed, and the next morning it is 
pounded for about as long a time as “it takes to boil the 
rice for breakfast.” When paper is made in the winter, 
a little “ tororo” must be mixed with the “ sosori” before 
pounding ; when in spring, rice paste is used as a sub¬ 
stitute, but the paper made with rice paste is not esteemed 
to be of so good quality, and is liable to become worm- 
eaten. 
The “ tororo” flowers in spring ; the seed is enclosed 
in the flower, and is small and hexagonal in shape, re¬ 
sembling the sesamum. Neither the flower nor the seed 
are of any use in the manufacture of paper, but the root 
is used. The shrub is not unlike the cotton plant. The 
root is taken after the flower has died and dried. The 
sprouts and skin are scraped off, and the root is then 
beaten. When required for use the “tororo” roots are 
boiled into a tolerably thin paste, and strained through 
a fine hair sieve. 
In making the paper called “hanshi,” the “sosori” to 
be used is made into a large ball, from which lumps are 
broken off as required. These lumps are cast into what 
is called the “ boat,” and thoroughly mixed with well- 
. strained “ tororo” paste. 
The apparatus consists of the inner frame, the outer 
frame, and the false bottom, made of plaited bamboo. 
The false bottom is placed in the outer frame, into 
which a portion of the pulp is then poured. The inner 
frame is next fitted in to keep the false bottom steady, 
and a peculiar and dexterous jerk is given to the whole, 
which sets the paper. The frame is then placed against 
.the upright rest to allow the water to drain off, while 
another one is prepared. By the time the second frame 
is ready the first may be removed. This manipulation 
can be performed very quickly by experts in the manu¬ 
facture. 
_ The sheet of paper is removed from the frame with a 
piece of bamboo, by dexterously curling the thicker end 
of the paper round it; a brush is taken in the right 
hand, and with it the paper is laid on the drying-board, 
the side which adheres to the board being the face of the 
paper. . Five sheets are placed on each*side of the board, 
which is 6 feet long. 
Between every 20 sheets two or three straw r s arc in¬ 
serted. The paper, in parcels of 100 sheets, is then 
cut and made up into bundles ready for the market. 
Another source of material for paper-making in Japan 
is the kaji-tree, winch grows more or less all over Japan, 
and is cultivated much in the same manner as the tea- 
plant and mulberry-tree. It growls to a height of some 
6 or 8 feet, and thrives best in dampish ground. In 
some districts it is produced on the hillsides. The bark 
is stripped off in the autumn, and is at once ready to be 
used for paper-making. The branches are left either to 
decay or are cut away, and fresh shoots are produced 
before next autumn, w r hen the same process is gone 
through. The tree or shrub of the kaji resembles the 
willow 7 of our country, and thrives w 7 ell near w r ater and 
in a mild climate. It is, however, also found in the 
north of Japan, but does not flourish in such perfection 
in a cold region. 
Consul Annesle} 7 writes :—“ There are no reasons why 
the kaji-tree should not flourish in England, more espe¬ 
cially if planted in a damp soil, and wlien it is considered 
that paper could no doubt be manufactured from this 
bark at a cheaper rate than it could be made from rags, 
added to the considerable strength it can attain, and the 
various useful purposes to winch it can be applied, the 
cultivation of the kaji shrub in England is well wrnrthy 
of a trial. 
“ Some inquiry after this bark has been made by homo 
paper-manufacturers from merchants at this port, and 
samples have been sent to England, where its value will 
no doubt be appreciated and turned to account.” 
The following method is employed by the Japanese in 
the manufacture of paper from the bark of the kaji-tree : 
—The rough bark is soaked in w r ater for several hours, 
and the outer rind separated; it is then again w 7 ashed, 
then boiled, after which it is beaten with mallets until it 
forms a sort of pulp ; then the pulp is placed in a sort of 
reservoir about 6 feet square and 1 foot deep, containing 
cold water, and is stirred about with a large flat ladle 
made of w 7 ood until it is entirely dissolved. A sort of 
size (obtained from the inner bark of a tree called “ou- 
suke” soaked in waater) is mixed with the preparation, 
which is now ready to be drawrn up, and is effected by 
the help of tw 7 o frames made of w r ood and bamboo, of 
such dimension as the sheet of paper is intended to 
assume. Between these tw r o frames a very thin matting 
of bamboo is placed, wliich acts as a sieve, and when the 
preparation is drawm up, it is moved on this frame, till 
the required substance is obtained. The sheet thus made 
is then deposited on another sieve. The same process is 
recommenced, and w 7 hen another sheet is ready it is 
placed over the first; a strip of straw is laid on the edge 
to separate each sheet, so as to obviate the risk of their 
adhering together, and to enable each sheet to be taken 
up separately. When about a dozen sheets have been 
thus formed into a layer, they are taken up singly and 
spread on boards to dry in the sun. By the same pro¬ 
cess old paper is made into fresh sheets, with the addition 
of a size obtained from the decoction of a creeper called 
“ sane kadzura,” wliich grows on the hills around Na¬ 
gasaki, and gives consistency to the solution. The 
manufacture of old paper into new can apparently be 
repeated as often as desired. 
A paper-cloth that is “warranted to w 7 ash” is pre¬ 
pared by coating the paper with a paste made by boiling 
