576 
THE PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS. 
[January 13,1872. 
The Thibetans are large consumers of tea, which at 
present they get entirely from China; and Mr. Cooper 
thinks that the transfer of this trade to our Indian 
planters in Assam, depends mainly on the policy adopted 
by our Government. The Bramapootra appears to offer 
a natural and most admirable means of communication 
between the two countries. 
The narrative of Mr. Cooper’s expedition is not de¬ 
void of exciting adventure, frequently among half-savage 
tribes who had never before seen a European; not the 
least alarming incident being his experience of being 
Comment An zun oesteriieichischen Pharmacopoe. 
Dr. J. C. Schneider and Dr. A. Yogl. 
Third Notice. 
by 
Our third notice opens with the fifth Order of the- 
classification, viz. “Folia,” and we give a short outlino 
of the general introduction to this part, as it will afford 
a just idea of the scientific treatment visible through¬ 
out the book. 
Folia. 
It is not difficult to recognize and to distinguish these- 
forcibly married, nolens volens, to a young damsel who per- reirLec Lies, but their characteristics must be carefully col- 
sisted m following him many days ; and, when at last lated and tested. Frequently, and especially when only 
he sent her home to her friends, the conditions were j f rao - me nts of leaves are at disposal, the microscope be- 
hardly improved by the arrival of her mother, who, ac-1 condGS indispensable, as alone affording an insight into 
cording to the custom of the country, had, with the con- ; tbe organization of the leaf or the distribution of certain 
sent of her husband, come to supply her daughter’s su fi s tances 
place. 
The external fibre of the leaf on both sides is formed 
The border-land between China and Thibet is a very b the epidermis ; on the under side of the leaf it gene- 
important watershed, the source not only of great rivers rally cons i sts 0 f sinuated, tubular cqlls, and it contain* 
like the Yang-tse-kiang and the Bramapootra flowing to j 
J J , _ . ,, - . | more stomata; on the upper surface the epidermic cells- 
the east and west, but of others also, flowing southwaids, are mostly larger, less sinuated, often merely polygonally 
as the Irrawaddy and the Lant-sang-kiang; the mountain- tubular stomata being quite absent, as in many'leathery 
ranges rising to a considerable elevation, and intersected leaves . The epidermis often carries different appen- 
by deep and picturesque gorges. The inhabitants are di as bair g i andS) e tc.; sometimes single colls are 
Thibetan, rather than Chinese, m their habits, though a | enlar „. ed and enclose a large crystal of oxalate of lime, 
large portion of Eastern Thibet was, some years ago, an- . Ag a rule> tbe epidermal cells enclose colourless, seldom 
nexed to the Celestial Empire. . coloured, cell-sap ; sometimes other substances, as resins, 
Mr. Coopers volume would have had greater value m essential oilg} s t arc h, etc. In leathery leaves they are 
a scientific point of view, had he possessed a more accu¬ 
rate knowledge of the natural productions of the countries 
he visited ; these are seldom described in a manner that 
especially towards the outer side, thickened and covered 
with a stout cuticle. 
Between the two fibres of epidermis lies a tissue con- 
conveys much information to the botanist or the zoologist, i gistin cbiefiy of ce u s filled with chlorophyll, in which 
though many of his observations are interesting as being aro irnbedded the ram ifi ca tions of the fasciculi. This 
those of an observant ana intelligent traveller. In the pro-: mesopbyll is composed in most leaves of‘two layers : the 
vineu of S z-ehiian. ho nassod through tho nmintrv which I one is f orm ed by one or more strata of vertical, 
vince of S’z-chuan, he passed through the country wdiich 
produces the greater part of the Chinese white wax of gb( ^ r f cylindrical cells, and between this and the epider 
commerce,—the wax being an exudation resulting from mig are sometimes interposed single or manifold layers 
the attacks of a certain insect on the leaves of a certain Q £ cebs fi]j ed with colourless cell-sap, rich in mucus (folia 
tree; but, though the process of its manufacture is de-1 bucco) . tlie lowcr i ayer 0 f the mesophyll generally 
senbed with considerable minuteness,. we are unable to , forms ' a spongy or spheroidal parenchyma, 
identify,^from Mr. Cooper s account, cither the insect or Single ce lls of this tissue often enclose, besides chloro- 
thetaeeY . phyll, crystalline deposits of oxalate of lime, either in 
The following is a description of the manufacture of the ^ p J arate crystals (Hyoscyamus) or in glands (Thea) or in 
“ brick-tea of Thibet, which is spoken of as giving em- pc (Belladonna). In many instances the mesophyll 
ployment to thousands engaged in the manufacture and ^ ontains cavities filled with essential oils (Ituta, Barosma) 
portage ot tea from la-tsowto ia-tzian-loo :—Ihe tree - - - 
from which this peculiar kind of tea is manufactured grows 
chiefly along the banks of the Ya-ho, and, unlike that 
wdiich produces the tea exported to Europe, is a tall tree, 
often 15 feet high, with a large and coarse leaf. The 
or separate large oil-cells [Taurus). Such leaves appear 
in transmitted light as translucently dotted. Amor¬ 
phous tannin is in the cells of most leaves mierochemi- 
cally recognizable ; the coarser nerves generally project 
„ , T i , .i at the lower surface,- whereas the transmitted light 
first quality is gathered m June and July, or shortly, mates those de i icate ramifications visible which do not 
after the commencement of the summer rams m the end stand ont from the pareI1 chyma. The direct elonga- 
of May, when the leaf is about an inch long. When tions and ramiflcations of the fasciculi vasorum, run- 
gathered, it is spread in the sun till slightly withered, ■ from tho stalk 0 f the l ea f, are called primary 
and then rolled with the hand till moist from the exuda- ner = 1 &e hrancll ,, 3 springi ng from the same secondary, 
tion of the sap. In this state it is rolled into balls about tertiary, quaternary nerves, in such manner that secon- 
thesizeof a large teacup, and laid up till it ferments. , n J e ’ r ves are all those branches from the primary 
It is then ready tor the wooden brick-moulds which aro : ne fi e3 which are equally strong, tertiary similar branches 
made with the ends movable and fastened by pegs. from the secondary ncA-es, and so on. 
Tho moulds, when filled, are dried over charcoal fires ; Dicoty i edonous fi aTes ma y be classified as having two 
until the tea is bak«l into a tough solid mass. When formso /„ OTa< ,- 0 „. There is either a single primary nerve, 
taken from the moulds, the bricks are ready for delivery dire(Jt continuat ; on of the f ascicl dus of the stalks up to 
to tie mere lants of la-tzow (p. 172). . the point of the leaf, and dividing the whole surface into 
At the frontier town of Atenze, Mr. Cooper found in tw /i ateral ha i Tc s, or the stalk on entering the leaf 
several primary nerves diverging towards 
adiated nervation ( Adi ant um , Mal-v a , Tussilago , 
tralian edible grub, and resembles a 
about lj inch long, but with a seemin 
length, exactly like a stem of dried grais;’’ this "trumw ; st and is called the median'nerve, whereas tho- 
being, in reality, a parasitic fungus (Sphana smemti), oUler ° we ’ aker nerves are called lateral nerves. 
which grows from the caterpillar s head. - - . 
The volume is illustrated with some well-executed 
woodcuts and a map. 
* See page 569. 
Sometimes the leaves are distinguished as mononervous- 
or polynervous from the number of primary nerves. 
The secondary nerves may likewise be further classi¬ 
fied ; they or their branches continue to the edge, more 
