March 2, 1872.] 
THE PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS. 
705 
Oil of rosewood was found to expand 0-00321 or 0-00325 
for each 5° C. between 0° and 50 J . 
Thinking- that the hydrocarbon from oil of cedar, for 
which Walter obtained a vapour density of 7'5, and to 
which he assigned the composition C 16 H 26 , was probably 
a member of the second group, I prepared some and 
purified it, as recommended by him, by distillation from 
anhydrous phosphoric acid. The result was a liquid 
having the following properties :— 
Specific gravity at 18° C. 0-9231 
Refractive Index for A. 1-4964 
Dispersion. 0-0276 
Boiling-point . .. 252° C, 
Solubility in alcohol.Slight. 
These all agree with the properties of other hydrocar¬ 
bons of the formula C 15 H 24 , with which also the propor¬ 
tions of carbon and hydrogen found by Walter are suf¬ 
ficiently in accordance. 
Hydrocarbons were also obtained from oil of sandal 
wood and oil of vitivert, by destroying the oxidized con¬ 
stituent by means of sodium ; but the yield was small. 
In each case the oil was sparingly soluble in alcohol and 
rather viscid. Other properties were as follow :— 
Santal. Vitivert. 
Specific gravity . . . . 0-9190 0*9332 
Refractive index for A . . 1-4867 1-6061 
Boiling-point. — 255° C. 
This is enough to show the analogy to cedrene, but 
neither specimen was perhaps completely purified. 
The general result of these observations, together 
with those previously made, will be seen by the sub¬ 
joined table, by which also it will be evident that the 
middle or fifteen-carbon group is intermediate in all its 
properties, and that these three groups do not pass by 
insensible gradations into one another, but are separated 
by strongly-marked divisions. 
10-Garbon Group. 
15-Carbon Group. 
Colophene. 
F ormula. 
Vapour-density. 
Character of liquid. 
Specific gravity at 20° C. 
Refractive index for A, at 20° C. 
Dispersion. 
Sensitiveness. 
Boiling-point. 
Action of sulphuric acid. 
•Solubility in aqueous alcohol. 
Combination with H Cl. 
c io h 16 
, 4 ' 7 . 
Limpid. 
0-846-0-880 
1-457-1-467 
About 0-027 
About 48 
' 160°-176° 
Polymerizes. 
Freely soluble. 
( C 10 H 16 .2HC1) 
{ and > 
( C 10 H 16 .HC1 ) 
c 15 h 24 
7-1 
Viscid. 
0-904-0-927 
1-488-1-497 
About 0-029 
About 43 
249°-260° 
Doubtful. 
Sparingly soluble. 
( C l5 H 24 .2HC1 ) 
l and in smaller > 
( proportions. ) 
c 20 H 32 
Very viscid. 
0-939 
1-5084 
0-031 
41 
315° 
None. 
Insoluble. 
Very small 
quantity. 
There is no difference in specific refractive energy, 
and the various members of the ten- and fifteen-carbon 
groups at least have powerful odours, and rotate the 
plane of polarization strongly, sometimes in one, some¬ 
times in the other, direction. 
{To be continued.') 
COMPOSITION OF URINE. 
In a paper recently published, Mr. J. A. Wanklyn 
gives the result of some interesting experiments he has 
made in the chemical examination of urine. Pointing 
out the fact that determinations of the specific gravity 
of urine are frequently faulty through inattention to the 
temperature, and that a slight difference in specific gra¬ 
vity corresponds to a great alteration in solid contents, 
he recommends that they should be replaced or supple¬ 
mented by the determination of the solids left on evapo¬ 
ration, and the ash left on incineration. Mr. Wanklyn 
recommends operating on small quantities, and states 
that although the urine varies, the proportion between 
the organic matter and the mineral matter in healthy 
urine is remarkaby constant. Thus, in five cases where 
one hundred cubic centimetres of urine of healthy per¬ 
sons were examined, he found:— 
MINERAL MATTER. ORGANIC MATTER. RATIO. 
I.—1-50 grams. 2-53 grams. 1:1-69 
II.—1-40 „ 2-34 „ 1:1-67 
III. —1-48 „ 2-38 „ 1:1-61 
IV. —0-60 „ 0-80 „ 1:1-33 
V.—2-00 • „ 2-40 „ 1:1-20 
In these specimens, the proportion of organic matter 
to ash never exceeded 1"7. But in some urine from a 
patient suffering from a disease of the kidneys, the 
quantities of mineral and organic matters in 100 cubic 
centimetres were,—mineral matter, 0 - 63 grams j organic 
matter, 2-03 grams: ratio, 1-00 to 3-22. 
CINCHONA CULTIVATION IN INDIA. 
No. 1 .—Letter from J. Broughton, Esq., Government 
Quinologist , to the Secretary to Government , Revenue 
Department , Fort St. George , dated Ootacamund , 31s£ 
July, 1871. 
As in certain former reports, I have' the honour to 
adduce analyses which express the changes in the com¬ 
position of our oldest barks during the past two years. 
The following table expresses the amount of alkaloids in 
the trunk bark of the eldest trees of C. succirubra in the 
month of May, the period of maximum yield in the re¬ 
spective years. The amount is expressed in percentages 
of dry bark :— 
t 
1868. 
1869. 
1870. 
1871. 
Total alkaloids. 
6-74 
7-43 
7-60 
7-85 
Total sulphates obtained. . 
6-06 
6-43 
6-00 
5-45 
Quinine. 
2-40 
1-72 
1-73 
1-80 
Cinchonidine and cinchonine 
• 
4-34 
5-71 
5-87 
6-05 
Sulphate of quinine obtained 
crystallized. 
2-21 
1-51 
1-40 
ITS 
Sulphate of cinchonidine ob¬ 
tained crystallized . . . 
3-85 
4-92 
4-60 
4-30 
2. The above analyses show that up to May, 1871, the 
total amount of alkaloids in the red bark had continued 
to increase. But as I had the honour to mention in a 
report dated August 17th, 1868 (Proceedings Madras 
Government, 22nd September, 1868, No. 334, Revenue 
Department), as being highly probable to occur, the 
annual increments diminish in amount, a circumstance 
which indicates that the bark is arriving at its maximum 
of yield. The numbers which approximately express 
the annual increments during the period of my observa¬ 
tions are 0-75, 0-69, 0-17, 0-25. The circumstance that 
