Manures—Diseases of Southern Cattle. 
93 
Manures. —According to Leibig, the evacu¬ 
ations of an adult, liquid and solid, will annu¬ 
ally yield 547 lbs. or one and a half pound per 
day. This is sufficient to manure fully one 
acre of wheat or other grain. But even in the 
modes of preserving and using it, by the aid of 
lime, much of its ammonia is wasted; and it has 
been shown, that to the ammonia the wheat owes 
its nitrogen, the element on which we have most 
to depend for improvement, both in quality and 
quantity. Lime should no more be mixed with 
night soil, than with gas liquor; on the contra¬ 
ry, the matters added to absorb the liquid, should 
have an acid tendency. Gypsum does very 
well by double decomposition. Peat earth is 
acidulous enough to fix the ammonia, where at 
hand; but in large towns, this earth, often re¬ 
quires pretty distant carriage. Refuse bark is, 
however, generally produced in populous places, 
and is an incumbrance to the tanner, from which 
he is obliged to contrive various methods for re¬ 
lieving himself; amongst the rest burning, to 
the great annoyance and suffering of the neigh¬ 
borhood. 
But tanners’ refuse bark has also enough 
acidulous quality to fix the ammonia in night 
soil; and being so generally at hand in popu¬ 
lous towns, may be employed for the purpose 
extensively. 
Three parts of tanners’ bark to one of night- 
soil (urine included, which is as valuable as any 
part,) will make a stronger manure than stable- 
dung ; and with this further advantage, that the 
stable-dung requires to be rotted, to reduce the 
long straws, and kill the undigested seeds it con¬ 
tains ; whilst the bark being already short, and 
the night-soil containing no seeds, it may be 
carted to the field at once ; thus saving the heavy 
waste in rotting. 
In the tan-yard, the bark may be stercorised, 
by having a privy or two, and suitable corners 
for the workpeople, all made to drain upon the 
heap ; calculating say one pound of evacuations 
liquid and solid from each individual, per day, 
and proportioning the bark to it; what is above 
that quantity being disposed of to other persons, 
for the same purpose. All the hide wool and 
glue washings and house drainings should run 
into the same, which should be roofed over, to 
keep off the rain, but with open sides to encour¬ 
age evaporation of the moisture. All the ashes 
of fires, whether of the works or house, should 
be added, to help the absorption, and destroy the 
smell; and by this means a tanner employing 
twenty-five hands may turn out twenty-five 
pounds evacuations ; add three times the quan¬ 
tity of tanners’ bark seventy-five pounds; add 
for ashes, &c. above detailed, and we have one 
hundred and fifty pohnds of manure per day, 
richer than stable-dung, much better for wheat, 
11 and losing nothing in rotting as not required. 
; In other places, as private gardens, school 
! grounds, &c., the bark may he procured from 
j the tanner, and added to the privy sink, in rather 
! larger proportions, reckoning the evacuations as 
one and a half pounds per entire day of twenty- 
four hours. Much less bark will do, say half 
as much as the night-soil, making up the quan¬ 
tity with garden mould; but the bark is so much 
additional vegetable matter, at little cost. It 
may be thrown in, a load at a time, for the ex¬ 
crement to fall upon ; but the ashes should be 
added daily, so as to lie on the top, and absorb 
the smell. A long and large trunk should rise 
from the sink, to encourage evaporation and 
carry up, also, the smell still remaining; for 
although much subdued by ashes, it cannot be 
altogether destroyed, without careful mixture 
not practicable for such a purpose. In this 
manner large quantities may be collected. 
Peat earth will do instead of bark, as above 
stated, with the precaution not to throw it in in 
cohesive lumps, which will not absorb, but as 
dry and crumbly as possible. The ashes are 
equally useful in either case.— Eng. paper. 
Diseases and Treatment of Cattle 
imported into the South; by Col. W. Hampton. 
All cattle imported from England, the north and 
west, are very liable to be attacked with a fatal 
disease, which I take to be an inflammation of 
the brain. 
Young cattle, from eight months to one year 
old, are less subject to it than those more ad¬ 
vanced in life. If they survive the summer and 
autumn, I consider them safe, although great 
care should be taken of them the second season. 
They should be brought into the state as early 
in the fall as possible, kept in good growing 
condition through the winter, and in the spring 
be removed to a high healthy position, have easy 
access to pure water, and their pasture as much 
shaded as the nature of the ground will admit. 
In August and September, they should be kept 
in a cool stable during the heat of the day, and 
at night also, the dew at that season being almost 
as injurious as the intense heat of the sun. 
With these precautions, I think more than 
half would escape the disease, the first indication 
of which is usually a languid appearance of 
the animal, followed by the loss of appetite, 
short, quick breathing, with more or less fever, 
and not unfrequently accompanied by a cough. 
I have hitherto considered this disease, when 
once established, incurable. I have recently 
learned, however, that by sawing off the horns, 
close to the head, nine out of ten would recover. 
| In two cases only have I known the remedy 
i to be tried, and in both the experiment proved 
! successful. 
