Hydraulic Freest 
167 lbs. of Wheat, peas, and oat chaff 
179 “ “ Rye and barley chaff 
73 “ Dried lime-tree leaves 
83 cc « (C oak leaves 
67 « ee cc Canada poplar leaves 
Lattermath hay is good for cows, not for horses. 
The second cut is generally considered as inferior in 
nourishment to the first. New hay is not wholesome. 
At Paris, when a load of 1000 kilos is bargained for, 
the seller must deliver—if between haymaking and 
October 1, 1300 kilos—from October 1 to April 1, 1100 
kilos—and after April, only 1000. This is fair, and 
allows for loss of Weight in drying. In London, a load 
of new hay is 20 cwt.; of old hay, only 18 cwt. 
The dried halm of the Trifolium incarnatum, after 
the seed is ripe, is little better than straw. Clover, lu¬ 
cerne, and sainfoin are generally supposed to lose three- 
fourths of their weight in drying; but in general they 
lose more, especially in moist climates, where the sap 
is more diluted. When touched by the frost, they be¬ 
come very unwholesome, and should never be given to 
cattle except quite dry. 
Straw is, on the whole, but poor food, and unless cat¬ 
tle have something better with it, they will not keep in 
any condition ; when given with turnips or other roots, 
straw corrects their watery nature, and is very useful; 
cut into chaff it is very good for sheep when fed on tur¬ 
nips and oil-cake, and when newly thrashed is as good 
nearly as hay. By a judicious mixture of different 
kinds of food, a more economical mode of feeding may 
I be substituted for a more expensive one, and the same 
result obtained. The value of straw depends much on 
the soil: a very clean crop will not give so nourishing 
straw as one containing many succulent weeds. Peas 
and vetch halm are superior to straw, especially when 
cut into chaff : it is by some thought equal to hay. The 
same may be said of bean halm not left too long in the 
field, and cut before it is completely dry. Buckwheat 
halm is of little value: it is thought unwholesome if 
given to sheep. 
16 lbs. of raw, or, 14 lbs. of boiled potatoes will al¬ 
low a diminution of 8 lbs. of hay. 
Turnips will feed store pigs, but they will not fatten 
on them. Carrots and parsnips are excellent for hor¬ 
ses, and, when boiled, will fatten hogs. Buta-baga is 
liked by horses : it makes their coats fine, but must not 
be given in too great quantity, or it will gripe them. 
Feeding. —A certain quantity of food is required to 
keep an animal alive and in health: this is called his 
necessary ration of food: if he has more, he will gain 
flesh, or give milk or wool. 
An ox requires 2 per cent, of his live weight in hay 
per day; if he works, he requires 2k per cent.: a milch 
cow, 3 per cent.: a fatting ox, 5 per cent, at first; 4k 
per cent, when half fat; and only 4 per cent, when fat 5 
or 4k on the average. Sheep grown up take 3 1-3 per 
cent, of their weight in hay per day, to keep in store 
condition. 
Growing animals require more food, and should neve? 
be stinted.— Jour. Hoy. Jig. Soc. 
HYDRAULIC PRESS. 
The framing consists of two stout cast iron plates, 
a, b, which are strengthened by projecting ribs, not 
seen in the section, fig. 1. The top or crown plate b, 
and the base plate a, a , are bound most firmly together 
by 4 cylinders of the best wrought iron, c, c, which 
pass up through holes near the ends of said plates, and 
arc fast wedged in them. The flat pieces e, e, are 
screwed to the ends of the crown and base plates, so as 
to bind the columns laterally. /, is the hollow cylinder 
of the press, which, as well as the ram g, is made of 
cast iron. The upper part of the cavity of the cylin¬ 
der is cast narrow, but is truly and smoothly rounded 
at the boring-mill, so as to fit pretty closely round a 
well-turned ram or piston; the under part of it is left 
somewhat wider in the casting. A stout cup of leather, 
perforated in the middle, is put upon the ram, and 
serves as a valve to render the neck of the cylinder 
perfectly water-tight, by filling up the space between 
it and the ram; and since the mouth of the cup is turn¬ 
ed downwards, the greater the pressure of water up¬ 
wards, the more forcibly are the edges of the leather 
valve pressed against the inside of the cylinder, and the 
tighter does the joint become. This was Bramah’s 
beautiful invention. 
Upon the top of the ram, the press-plate or table, 
strengthened with projecting ridges, rests, which is 
commonly called the follower, because it follows the 
ram closely in its descent. This plate has a half-round 
hole at each of its four corners, corresponding to the 
shape of the four iron columns along which it glides in 
its up-and-down motions of compression and relaxation. 
k, k, figs, 1 and 2, is the framing of a force pump 
with a narrow barrel; i is well for containing water to 
supply the pump. To spare room in the engraving, 
