316 
REPLY" TO QUERIES ON BUTTER-MAKING.-ETC. 
Of these historians, first in the series, came the 
late George Culley, of Grindon, Northumberland, 
who, in 1784, published a book on Cattle. He was 
a Short-Horn-breeder (and that of distinction, 
twenty years before either Colling commenced), 
and the Herefords fare badly in his hands. Next 
followed Bailey, of Durham ; and then in the suc¬ 
cession of time, the Rev. Henry Berry ; and, finally, 
Youatt, who merely re-produced the account of Berry, 
re-written by Berry. All these men were the open 
advocates of the Short-Horns, and two, Culley and 
Berry, breeders of them. Is it wonderful, then, that 
in America we should have erroneous opinions re¬ 
specting them ? In the only histories we have of 
them, written by interested parties, they are decried 
by interest, and that of the keenest kind,—a rival 
interest. 
Here we have never heard of the great number 
of Hereford breeders, equal in skill and success to 
Price (father and son) and Tompkins. Who ever, 
among us, heard of Westcar and the two Seignors, 
and I might add a host of equal reputation ? And 
yet these men, for an age almost, held sway, and 
uninterrupted sway, at the Smithfield Christmas 
Cattle Shows; and have been succeeded by others 
equally unknown, who now carry away eight out 
of every ten of the prizes offered by the Smithfield 
Club. And still the Herefords are merely the 
tenant farmer’s cattle, and only in one instance 
have they found a titled patron, the Earl of War¬ 
wick ; while the Short-Horns are the gentleman’s 
cattle, and Dukes, Marquises, Earls, Viscounts, 
Barons, Baronets, Gentlemen and Tenant Farmers, 
are the breeders and feeders of the Short-Horns. 
Against the Herefords are wealth and rank, and 
only in the hands of wealth and rank have the 
Short-Horns been able to beat the Herefords, when 
shown at Smithfield. How many prizes have 
been won at Smithfield by tenant farmers, with 
Short-Horns ? None. Earl Spencer and Sir 
Charles Tempest have won. Can any man in 
America say he has ever heard of prizes carried by 
Short-Horns fed and shown by untitled men ? Can 
all this mean nothing ? Surely no. W ealth can 
do almost anything. It can unprofitably feed and 
show a Short-Horn, and win the prize against a pro¬ 
fitably fed Hereford. But this it will rarely do, 
and the result is, that rarely do the Short-Horns 
beat the Herefords at Smithfield, and this is the 
only field of any distinction where they meet in 
common, and on equal terms. 
I mean this as a sort of preface to a criticism 
upon the histories of Culley, Bailey, Berry, and 
Youatt. The two last are regarded as authority as 
to cattle in America, and by a certain party, 
Youatt is looked upon with veneration. As to 
Berry, I think Mr. Lewis F. Allen, in his lately 
published (and capital) book, the History of the 
Short-Horns, has entirely demolished him as au¬ 
thority on Short-Horns ; and I shall endeavor to 
show that he is not entitled to regard as authority 
on Herefords. 
Mr. Youatt did not even write the various accounts 
which he published, and is not regarded in England 
by breeders of any of the approved races of cattle, 
the Short-Horns, Herefords, Devons, &c., as entitled 
to the least consideration. I feel that it is necessary 
to make a clear field before I proceed to attempt to 
make good my original position. This I shall do, 
because of the reason that my views and opinions 
have been harshly assailed, and against me, in con¬ 
versation, I have had quoted Youatt and Berry as 
authority, as if they were the only people in the 
world who ever did, or could, know anything of 
Short-Horns and Herefords. 
By the issue I will abide, trusting at some not 
distant day, to see the Herefords scattered all over 
those regions of our country which grow beef and 
travel it on the hoof to market. In such regions 
the Short-Horn can never heat the Hereford. 
Let me not be misunderstood. I am the advo¬ 
cate of Short-Horns; the best cattle I ever saw 
were Short-Horns, bulls cows and oxen. But the 
Short-Horns are far from an even race of cattle. 
The worst cattle I have ever seen were Short- 
Horns. Not so are the Herefords; they are very 
even in quality, and are far superior to ordinary 
Short-Horns in everything, and are superior as 
travelling and working beasts to any Short-Horns. 
A. S. 
REPLY TO QUERIES ON BUTTER-MAKING 
I herewith reply to the queries on butter-making, 
which appeared page 252, August No. of the 
Agriculturist. 
Let the cows be milked early in the morning, 
before the flies trouble them, and as late as possi 
ble in the evening—for the same reason. 
Let the milk be immediately strained into pans, 
which have been previously filled to the depth of 
half an inch, with fresh cool spring water. 
Skim off the cream while the milk is sweet. 
Keep the cream cool, and churn it while it is 
sweet. I prefer stone churns , they being more 
easily kept clean and sweet —this is all important. 
Great care must be taken to keep the milk pans 
sweet. 
A teaspoonful of salseratus to a gallon of cream 
is sometimes an assistance when the butter does 
not come readily—a little salt may also be used— 
but these are not certain remedies. The surest 
way is to keep your cream in an ice-house in 
warm weather. 
Sour milk, we find, will not produce so much nor 
so good butter as fresh milk. 
We churn our cream at a temperature of about 
60°—cooling the churn by pouring into it, during 
the churning —say three times—a little cold water. 
The steadier the churning, the sooner the butter 
will come—say from 15 to 30 minutes. 
We always churn our cream—never the milk. 
The above is the result of three years’ careful 
experiments, and may, I hope, be of service to the 
inexperienced. 
For want of a better, a stone pot may be con¬ 
verted into a churn in 15 minutes, by any true 
farmer— as all such understand the use of tools. 
SetauJcet, September, 1846. A. H. 
Planting Trees. —The Spaniards are infinitely 
more careful than other nations in planting trees , 
for it rarely happens, when a Spaniard eats fruit ir 
a wood or in an open country, that he does not set 
in the ground the pips or stones; and hence in the 
whole of their country, a vast number of fruit-trees 
of all kinds are to be found. 
