18 NATURAL HISTORY. [MAMMALIA 
The tribe of Oxen ( Bovina , Cases 32—45) have the horns covered 
with a hard horny case, which increases in size as the bone is produced 
below it, by the addition of fresh layers of horny matter to the inner edge 
of its base. Some of these have the tail elongate and tufted at the end; 
the limbs stout and strong; the neck short, maned; the chest furnished 
with a dewlap, and the horns roundish, as the oxen ( Bos ), which have 
conical simple horns, which are often depressed at the base, and simple 
nostrils, and the ox (Bos) and Anoa, which have a bald muffle, and the 
musk-ox ( Ovibos ), which has a hairy muffle. The gnus ( Catoblepas) 
have most of the characters of the ox, but the nostrils are operculated. 
The Damalis have elongate, erect, or recurved conical horns, which are 
rounded or slightly compressed, ringed, or spirally ridged at the base ; 
their neck is maned, and their nostrils and knees are simple, as the 
nilghau ( Portax ), coudou ( Strepsiceros ), canna ( Boselaphus ), oryx 
(Oryx), chiru ( Kemas ), bubale (Acronotus), and blaubock (2Ego- 
cerus), which chiefly differ from one another in the shape of their horns. 
The second group of bovine animals have a short flattened hairy tail, 
no dewlap, and simple nostrils, as the antelopes, which have erect sub- 
cylindrical simple horns, rounded or subcompressed, and ringed or with 
a spiral groove at their base; their neck is simple, and they have distinct 
false hoofs (Cases 34—41). They are divided into the following ge¬ 
nera : hurm ( Cervicapra), antelope (Antelope), saiga (Saiga), gazelle 
(Gazetta), tufted antelope (Cephalophus), goral (Nemorhedus), reed 
buck (Eleotragus,) wood antelope (Tragulus), chamois ( Rupicapra), 
and antelope goat (Aplocerus.) The goats ( Capra, Cases, 42 and 43) 
and sheep ( Ovis, Cases 44 and 45) have triangular, compressed, erect, 
recurved, or twisted horns; their limbs are generally much stronger and 
stouter than the antelopes. The pronghorns (Antilocapra), have com¬ 
pressed horns, with a prominent process in front, giving them the ap¬ 
pearance of being branched; they have also no false hoofs. 
The tribe of Camelopards ( Giraffa) have the horns of their frontal 
bones covered with a hairy skin, like the rest of their body; these horns 
are developed when the animal is born, and increase in size, and are 
permanently covered with the skin as long as the animal lives. 
The animals belonging to the second section of this family either 
have no horns in either sex, or only have them developed at certain 
periods of the year, and then falling off, as the tribes of camels, musks, 
and deer. 
The tribe of Camels ( Camelina, Case 46) are destitute of any horn's, 
and unlike any of the other bovine animals, they have eight cutting 
teeth in the upper and only six in the lower jaw. The neck and 
legs are long, their feet are furnished with large horny soles, and their 
hoofs are elongate and bent; their upper lip is two-cut, hanging down 
on the sides, and their muffle is hairy; as the camel of the Old World 
( Camelus), which has six grinders in the upper and five in the lower 
jaw; the chest, shoulder joints, knees, and the heels of the hind legs 
callous; and the llama (Auchenia) of the New World, which are 
smaller, have one grinder less in each jaw, the chest and knees only 
callous, and there is a bald callosity on each of the hind legs. 
The tribe of Musks (Moschina, Case 51) are equally hornless; the males 
have long canine teeth in the upper jaw; they have the eight cutting 
teeth opposed to a callous band, and the hoofs of the antelopes; as the 
