NATURAL HISTORY, 
29 
CrALLERY.J 
where they feed on caterpillars, insects, and also frequent orchards 
during fruit season. One species ( Oriolus Galbula ) is occasionally 
found in England. The short-legged Thrushes ( Pycnonotince , Case 
55) are remarkable for the shortness of their tarsi, which is the same 
length as the hind toe; their bills are distinctly emarginated; their 
wings are generally short. They are peculiar to Asia and Africa, 
where they are found generally in the woods, feeding on caterpillars, 
insects, and fruits. 
The family of Fly-catchers (Muscicapid^e, Cases 56 and 57) have 
the beak more or less depressed, broad at the base, with bristles, and the 
tip suddenly bent and emarginated ; their tarsi generally short and slender. 
Inhabit various warmer parts of the world, and feed solely on insects 
captured during flight. The Querulince ( Case 56) have a strong, broad, 
and much depressed bill, with the gape very wide, and armed with 
strong bristles ; their tarsi short, and the lateral scales very minute. 
Are peculiar to South America, where they pursue insects in flocks, in 
the forests. The Tceniopterince (Case 56) vary in the length of bill, 
but it is always somewhat depressed, and culmen rounded; their wings 
moderate and pointed ; their tarsi lengthened and strong. Found only 
in South America, generally in the vicinity of water, where they pursue 
insects on the ground. The Tyrants ( Tyranny, Case 56) have a 
long, straight and strong bill, somewhat depressed throughout, gradually 
compressed towards the tip, which is suddenly hooked, and their base is 
furnished with bristles; their tarsi short and slender. They are found 
in the warmer parts of South America, and are very bold and spirited 
birds. Insects and even small birds sometimes form their food. One 
species has been observed to plunge into the water after fish. The 
Tityrince (Case 57) have a short, very broad bill, compressed towards 
the tip, with the culmen convex and smooth; their wings long; their 
tarsi short and weak. They are generally seen perched on the high 
branches of trees in South America, ready to plunge at the passing in¬ 
sects. The Fly-catchers ( Muscicapince , Case 57). Their beaks are 
weak, much depressed, with the tip slightly hooked and emarginated ; 
their gape is always bristled ; their tarsi short and slender. They are 
mostly found in the Old World ; their food consists principally of in¬ 
sects. The Fly-catching Warblers ( Vireonime , Case 57) have short 
very compressed beaks, with the tip hooked, the gonys ascending, and 
the gape with bristles. They are peculiar to the New World, where 
they feed on insects and fruits. 
The family of Chatterers (Ampelhle, Cases 58 and 59) have the 
same depressed beak as the Fly-catchers, but it is somewhat shorter in 
proportion, tolerably broad, and slightly arcuated; their outer toes are 
united together to the second joint. The Thick-heads ( Pachycepha - 
lince, Case 58) have short, somewhat conic beaks, with the gape bristled. 
They are found in the forests of Asia, Australia, and South America, 
generally in pairs, seeking for insects and fruits, &c. ; their song is loud 
and rather pleasant. The Manakins ( Piprince , Case 58) are generally 
birds of very small size ; their beak is very short, w ith the tip much 
curved and emarginated, and the gape without bristles. The Chat¬ 
terers ( Ampelince , Case 58) have short, strong and broad bills, without 
any bristles; their wings much lengthened and pointed; their tarsi 
short and robust. They are found in all parts of the w r orld except 
