48 
GRAVEL IN ANIMALS.—BUCKTHORN HEDGES. 
see at the tin-shops, and be kept as bright as sil¬ 
ver ; they als6 must be well aired in the sun. 
The Milk. —This must stand in the pans, un¬ 
disturbed , until the whole of the cream has risen ; 
(some of our best dairy-women say until it is 
“ loppered,” or thick,) both milk and cream are 
then put into the churn together, at a temperature 
of about fifty-five of Fahrenheit; the chum is then 
worked with a rapid stroke, say from 60 to 75 per 
minute until the butter “ begins to come,” when 
the brake is put upon the wheel, and the churn is 
worked more and more moderately until the butter 
is entirely separated from the butter-milk. Upon 
taking the butter from the churn, it is washed with 
cold water, salted, and thoroughly worked with a 
wooden ladle , upon the marble-table. It must 
never be worked with the hand, as the warmth 
of the hand will injure it. It is then set aside in 
a cool place, until the next day, when it is again, 
in like manner, worked until every drop of the 
butter-milk is extracted. It is then fit for packing 
away, or for use. The butter must at no time be 
allowed to get soft. Fredk. J. Betts. 
Newburgh Dec. 1 2th, 1843. 
GRAVEL IN ANIMALS. 
It is now more than one year since I discovered 
something wrong with my bull Yorkshireman, and 
having lost a fine ox some years ago with gravel, 
I was not long ignorant of what was the matter. 
I accordingly applied to a regular physician, who 
directed 1 oz. of juniper berries, ^ oz. of box leaves, 
aud £ oz. of pearlash, to one gallon of water. Af¬ 
ter using four portions of that prescription in one 
week, I gave him several bottles of harlem oil, to¬ 
gether with about two gallons of honey; after 
which I gave him l oz. of pearlash daily for a con¬ 
siderable length of time. For several days after I 
commenced doctoring he was extremely bad, fre¬ 
quently clambering with both fore feet into his 
manger, then moving swiftly from one side of the 
stable to the other, and switching his tail furiously 
at the same time, appearing to use every effort to 
water, but frequently to no effect. Having caught 
his water frequently, I discovered a piece of grav¬ 
el near twice the size of a grain of wheat; it ap¬ 
peared to have been broken off from a larger piece. 
By degrees he gradually got better, and I have seen 
but little symptoms of the complaint until a short 
time ago, when I again commenced using pearlash. 
I have”been thus particular in giving this account, 
in hopes if any one should have a case of the kind, 
they may, if they think proper, try the same course 
of doctoring. It is said the gravel is not always 
produced from the same cause, but medical men 
are enabled to judge of the cause by the color of 
the gravel. 
Last spring I lost a yearling buck lamb. It was 
noticed for a few days to droop about, when one 
of my boys who had the care of them concluded 
that it had the gravel; but as I had never heard 
of an instance of the kind in sheep, I did not sus¬ 
pect that it was gravel. I gave it a dose of some 
simple medicine, when it immediately died. I 
examined it carefully, and as soon as I opened it 
discovered the neck of the bladder was burst open, \ 
and a large portion of bloody water among the in¬ 
testines; but it was not until I had opened the 
penis with a sharp-pointed knife to the extreme 
end that I found the cause, which was a piece of 
gravel about the size of a grain of wheat. In the 
ox that I lost, I found two pieces of gravel in the 
penis wedged in alongside of each other, more 
than half way along it. They were as large as 
small-sized grains of coffee, and about the shape. 
Had I known previously how these two were cir¬ 
cumstanced, I might in all probability have saved 
them both. I think by having a record of all such 
circumstances to refer to when cases of the kind 
occur, there would be a great advantage in it. 
Joseph Cope. 
Kirkleavington , Pa ., 20 th of 1 st mo ., 1844. 
BUCKTHORN HEDGES. 
Rhamnus catharticus. —This beautiful shrub 
was first used in this country for growing live 
hedges, by Mr. E. Hersy Derby, of Salem, Massa¬ 
chusetts. He first commenced propagating it by 
cuttings in 1806, from an individual tree which 
stood in the venerable Dr. Holyoke’s garden in that 
town. Since that period up to the present time, 
he has constantly multiplied the species by cuttings 
and seeds, and independently of ornamenting his 
own grounds, he has sent plants and scions to 
nearly every state in the Union. He has at pres¬ 
ent for sale at his nursery, several thousand vigor¬ 
ous plants at $3 per hundred, with a reasonable 
discount where large quantities are purchased. 
This shrub flourishes best in rather a moist soil, 
although it will thrive in any soil that is adapted 
to the culture of garden vegetables. It is exceed¬ 
ingly valuable for live hedges, on account of its 
being able to resist any degree of climate in the 
United States, and of sure growth whenever trans¬ 
planted. It remains green many weeks later than 
the English hawthorn, and in the vicinity of Bos¬ 
ton, retains its foliage long after the fall of snow. 
In consequence of its medicinal properties, it is not 
attacked by any insects, nor devoured by any of 
our domestic animals. 
The following cut will show a pleasing mode 
of growing a hedge in front of a dwelling, or en¬ 
closing ornamental grounds. As the plants will 
grow to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, they 
may be trained over an arch or trellis, and form a 
beautiful, densely-shaded arbor or walk. 
Buckthorn Hedge.—(Fig. 6.) 
It is preferable to set out the hedges in trenches 
from three to six inches deep and eighteen inches 
broad. The plants may be arranged in two rows 
ten or twelve inches asunder, and set six or eight 
inches apart, placing those of the second row op¬ 
posite fhe centre space of the first, thus :— 
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