6 
Color Standards and Nomenclature. 
gray, these being in reality colored grays; to which are 
added a scale of neutral gray and one of carbon gray, the 
former being the gray resulting from mixture of the three 
primary colors (red 32, green 42, violet 26 per cent., 
which in relative darkness equals black 79.5, white 20.5 
per cent.); the latter being the gray produced by mix¬ 
ture of lamp black and Chinese white, and the scale a 
reproduction of that in the author’s first “Nomenclature 
of Colors” (1886, Plate II, nos. 2-10). It should be 
emphasized that in all cases except the scale of carbon 
grays, only the disks representing the middle horizontal 
series of colors (both pure and broken) have been used, in 
combination with a black and a white disk, respectively, 
to make the colors of the vertical scales of tints and 
shades. 
The coloring of a satisfactory set of disks to repre¬ 
sent the thirty-six pure spectrum colors and hues was a 
matter of extreme difficulty, many hundreds having been 
painted and discarded before the desired result was 
achieved. Several serious problems were involved, the 
matter of change of hue through chemical reaction of the 
combined pigments or dyes* (especially the latter) being 
almost as troublesome as that of securing the proper 
degree of difference between each adjoining pair of hues. 
The method by which satisfactory results were finally 
secured was as follows : First, six disks were colored 
to represent each of the fundamental spectrum colors, 
*For satisfactory color-wheel work it is necessary to discard practically all the 
so-called artists’ colors, as being much too dull to even approximately represent the 
colors of the spectrum, and to substitute carefully selected aniline or coal-tar dyes, 
of which, fortunately, there is a very large number of remarkable purity of hue. 
Indeed, the work of most color-physicists is vitiated by their use of such crude colors 
as vermilion, carmine, scarlet-lake, chrome yellow, emerald green, Prussian blue, etc. 
(For a list of dyes and pigments used in preparing the Maxwell disks representing 
the thirty-six colors of the chromatic scale, see pages 26, 27.) 
