ON THE ALKALOIDS TN CHINCHONA BARK. 
587 
chyma of the liber mingled at 5, with the liber fibres, of which the sections 
appear. These are bony spiculse, traversed longitudinally by spiral canals, 
from which central point (the lumen of the Germans), when seen as cut trans¬ 
versely, radiate lines of communication, intersecting the layers of differing spe¬ 
cific gravity which constitute these fibres. These penetrate the skin so that 
every one who handles the finest sorts of bark becomes experimentally acquainted 
with them ; at c and d are the bundles of crystals of kinovate of quinine and 
cinchonine, as they are seen traversing the parenchyma in all directions, some¬ 
times the ops only of the crystals appearing, whilst by focusing, these can be 
followed throughout their whole extent. In many cases the whole substance 
of the bark is penetrated by myriads of crystals. At g, to the right, is seen a 
crystal cell containing (in itself) the small crystals which distinguish this forma¬ 
tion, which has nothing to do with the alkaloids of the bark, not being soluble as 
they are. These cell-crystals are the Cristalzellen. or Steinzellen of the Germans. 
The crystals are understood to be oxalate of lime. These small crystals contained 
in special cells (and that chiefly in the poorer barks) contrast strikingly with 
the large and conspicuous crystals of the alkaloids. 
Plate II.—No. 1 is a section of bark of eighteen months’ growth, from Oota- 
camund, in the East Indies. The letter a refers to the cell structure of the 
parenchyma, seen here in its youuger and more recently-developed state, tra¬ 
versed by bands of darker-coloured cells. At b is seen one of the few scattered 
liber-fibres, cut transversely. At f the branching crystallization of one of the 
medicinal salts of the bark, probably kinova-tannate of quinidine. At It are 
globules of some alkaloid in salts which I have seen put on similar appearance. 
At i (Plate I., No. 1) are cubical or lozenge-shaped forms of alkaloids. 
No. 2 shows at a (and throughout) the compressed parenchyma characteristic 
of mature red bark, at b the liber fibres, and at e (and throughout the plate) the 
contents of the cells appear to be gathered together in hard concrete rounded 
masses, presenting no regular crystalline aspect. These occur at times in the 
same barks with the crystals, and, I suspect, indicate the combination of alkaloid 
with an acid resin of which I have made mention in my 4 Quinologia.’ 
Plate III.—No. 1 and No. 2 are sections of a very peculiar bark, mentioned by 
M. Planchon in his work ‘ Des Quinquinas,’ p. 98, as sent by M. Rampon from New 
Granada, and containing 28 to 32 grammes of sulphate of quinine to the kilo¬ 
gramme. This would equal in richness specimens of Ch. Calisaya. My speci¬ 
men was part of 272 serous from the Pitayo district, and gave per 1000 parts 
—quinine, 15'0; cinchonidine, 7*7 ; cinchonine, 0'34. I call it doubtfully Cli. 
lancifolial The peculiar parenchyma at once strikes the eye at a in both 
drawings. The large coarsely-formed spiculte of liber fibre at b are scattered 
almost in Calisaya fashion ; and in this bark I again found, at c and rf, groups 
of crystals (which indeed are interspersed through the whole bark). They ap¬ 
pear to be of kinovate of cinchonidine, or of cinchonine, and quinine. 
Plate IV.—No. 1 shows part of the section of a thick heavy quill of Ch. sued- 
rubra , exactly of the sort described by Delondre as Quinquina rouge vif and 
corresponding to a piece of this in my possession. Professor Guibourt, when at 
my house in 1851, noticed this No. 1 as exactly resembling the sort of Red Bark 
analysed by Pelletier. It is remarkable for the distinctness of the false medul¬ 
lary rays which penetrate its substance, as at 7q the portion shown being the 
inner part of the liber. 
The bark contains cinchonine, 2'57; quinine, 1*71; cinchonidine, 1*43 ; or toge¬ 
ther, 5'71 of alkaloid. The crystals seen are probably those of quinine (<?), 
cinchonidine ( d ). Those of cinchonine are seen in other parts both of this spe¬ 
cimen and of No. 2. 
No. 2 is a bark apparently of very different botanical origin, as indicated by 
the very distinct resin cells which mark this species, as at j, and which are en¬ 
tirely absent in genuine Red Bark. This No. 2 is a pale and spurious sort of 
