EXPLANATION OF EGYPTIAN TERMS. 
231 
Hieroglyphics .—In connection with the arts of the Egyptians are the 
Hieroglyphics, which are natural objects used to express language. 
They are divided into phonetics. 
I. Alphabetic, or those representing simple vowel or consonant 
sounds; thus an arm is used for A; an owl for M. 
II. Syllabic, or those used to represent syllables, either with alpha- 
betics after and before them or not; thus, a chisel is used for ah , a 
i mat for men, a loop for ua or va. 
III. Ideophonetics, or those representing one syllable in the same 
way as No. II., but only when the syllable conveys one idea; thus 
a lute ( nebel ), for nefer, good, &c. 
IV. Symbolics, or objects used to represent one idea, as the ibis to 
express an ibis; an ape to express anger. They often have their 
pronunciation written before them in Alphabetic (No. I.) or Sylla¬ 
bic (No. II.) hieroglyphics. 
V. Determinative, or those w 7 hich determine the sense of words 
written in Alphabetic and Syllabic hieroglyphics, and are used in 
more senses than one; thus, a pair of legs after all sorts of motion 
with legs, after the Alphabetic or Syllabic, as ha, aka, un, shows that 
they mean to stand, go, appear, &c. 
Hieratic is the written hand, of which hieroglyphics are the finished 
characters employed on monuments. 
Demotic, or Enchorial, is a writing more abridged than Hieratic, in¬ 
troduced about the age of Cambyses, for the purposes of law docu¬ 
ments, letters, and accounts. 
EXPLANATION OF EGYPTIAN TERMS. 
Claft.— Head-dress with long lappets pendent on the shoulders and neck. See 
statue of Amenophis III. Egyptian Saloon, 21. Coffins of mummies, &c. 
Gom.— Sort of sceptre, terminating in the head of an animal called the koucoupha. 
See in the hands of a male figure in a fresco painting, Eg. Sal. 176, and object 
Egypt. Room, Cases 10, 11. No. 2022. 
Oskh. —Semicircular collar or tippet worn round the neck. See bust of Rameses 
II. or Ill. (Sesostris), Eg. Sal. 19. Object in Cases 46, 49. Div. 2. 
Atf.— Crown of Osiris and other deities, composed of a conical cap flanked by two 
ostrich feathers, with a disk in front, placed on the horns of a goat. See fig. of 
Osiris, Cases 3, 4. No. 601. 
Pschent. —Cap or crown worn by deities and Pharaohs, composed of theshaa and 
teshr. See Pharaonic head. Eg. Sal. 15. 
Shaa.- Conical cap, upper portion of the pschent, called also out and uobsh or 
white. See statue of Seti-Menephtah II., Eg. Sal. 61. 
Shentj.— Short garment worn round the loins. See statue of Amenophis III., Eg. 
Sal. 21. Bronze fig. of Amoun-ra, Egypt. Room, Cases 1, 2. No. 9. 
Teshr.— The ‘red’ cap, lower portion of the pschent, cylindrical cap, with tall 
inclined peak behind and spiral ornament in front. See fig.Neith, Egypt. Room, 
x\mulets, Case 88. Div. 5. 
Tosh.— Royal military cap. Bas-relief of Rameses II. (Sesostris). Cases 1, 2. 
No. 308. 
Synoptical View of Egyptian Mythology, with an Explanation of 
certain Egyptian Terms. 
Mythology.— In this list the following order has been observed. The Egyp¬ 
tian names of the deities are given first, with a translation, and the names of the 
analogous personages in Greek mythology; next, a statement of their character 
