1879 .] 
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST, 
503 
with sawdust or dry tan bark. The ice in this case 
should be surrounded with 6 or 8 inches of sawdust 
as, already stated, a small body requires most care¬ 
ful packing to 
keep it. As the 
ice is taken 
out, the saw¬ 
dust should be 
packed down 
at the sides 
and wherever 
the ice may 
have settled 
away from it. 
The arrange¬ 
ment of a stable and carriage-house, with a place 
for ice, (as desired by a correspondent), may 
be as here shown, a being the ice chamber, b 
the stable for a cow, c a loose box fora horse, and d 
the carriage-house; or the horse may be provided 
with an open stall in- 
Fig. 7. —ICE-HOUSE AND BABN. 
stead of the loose box. 
Another correspondent 
wishes a plan for an ice¬ 
house and cool-closet in 
one building. A plan 
is given at figure 8. To 
expect the ice in an ice¬ 
house to cool a storage- 
chamber is a mistake. 
There is a much less 
waste of ice when it is 
taken from the house 
and used in any good 
refrigerator or ice-box. 
It will be, therefore, 
the best to have an ordinary ice-house with a door 
opening into the cold-room, and to keep this room 
cool by means of ice brought into it. The form 
of the cold-rooms, one of which is on each side of 
the chamber, is shown at figure 9. The box for ice 
is at the top, 
where a fall¬ 
ing - door is 
seen, and the 
ice can be 
slidden into it 
on a plank 
laid to the ice¬ 
house. The 
bottom of the 
ice-boxshould 
be made of 
zinc, support¬ 
ed by galvati 
ized iron rods 
Fig. 9.— FORM OF COOL ROOM. 
under it. The closet should be furnished with shelves, 
preferably of galvanized iron bars, or of slate. 
A New Water Motor. 
The ordinary water-wheel does not utilize more 
than one-lialf of the weight of the water. Many 
efforts have been made to improve upon it, and 
these have taken the shape of the turbine or hori¬ 
zontal wheel. But it is a very good turbine wheel 
which will utilize 75 per cent of the force of the 
water. Moreover, to run a water-wheel of either 
of these varieties a fall of water is needed. There 
are several current wheels which serve a good pur¬ 
pose for the exceptional circumstances in which 
they are used; they are operated by the simple 
ordinary force of the running stream ; but a novel 
motor intended to operate in place-of a current 
wheel, which has been tested in a French river, the 
Seine, is well worthy the attention of those who 
make use of current wheels. Wheels are open to 
the objection that a large portion of the force of 
the stream is exerted in moving much dead weight, 
the portion of the wheel which is not out of the 
water, for instance ; and further, that the paddles 
of the wheel are struck by the water, and leave the 
water in such a position as necessitates the waste of 
considerable power. These objections do not exist 
with a motor of the kind here represented; for 
only half the weight is out of the water at once, 
and the force of the water is exerted at right angles 
to, and directly upon, the paddle. A motor of tills 
BELL FOUNDER 
MESSENGER 
kind, with a paddle surface of 40 square feet, has 
an average immersion of 1G square feet, and thus 
gives the same power as a wheel of eight times its 
cost. This machine is an American invention, and 
has been, and is now, employed in the Seine for 
raising water. Its construction is readily under¬ 
stood by reference to 
the illustration. A 
double crank shaft car¬ 
ries two paddles pivot¬ 
ed by their centers and 
kept perpendicular by 
a long, light, wooden 
floating rod. The shaft 
is mounted upon a raft, 
and is connected with 
a rod which transmits 
the power through a 
universal joint to ma¬ 
chinery on the bank. A number of motors may be 
placed near each other in the same stream, as the 
current soon regains its first velocity again. The 
amount of power which may thus be gained from a 
stream, without any falls, so-called, and with a 
good current, is enormous, and is obviously re¬ 
markably cheap. The machine here referred to, 
with paddles 21 feet square, and costing only §00 
complete, was estimated to give a power of 4 horses 
and to raise 500,000 gallons of water in 24 hours, 
points he is breeding; his eye must be keen, and 
quick to detect any faults, and his judgment good, 
to be able to see the causes, and his knowledge 
broad, that it may suggest a remedy. He should 
not be carried away by beauty of form, or color, 
and thus sacrifice to these superficial characters, 
VOUMC PATRIOT 
SOURCROUl 
THE NEW WATER MOTOR. 
10 feet high, when working in a current of four 
miles per hour. For irrigating purposes this motor 
would be found very desirable. It is patented. 
Breeds, Breeding, and Pedigrees. 
The old saying that “blood will tell,” or as it is 
sometimes stated, “there is everything in the 
breed,” is the concise statement of a well established 
and important truth in breeding. When any kind 
of farm stock, cattle for example, has through a 
longer or shorter series of generations, acquired 
certain characteristics, as of shape, milking quali¬ 
ties, etc., and these characteristics have become so 
firmly fixed, that they are transmitted to the off¬ 
spring with a great degree of certainty, such a 
group of animals is known as a distinct breed. The 
time that it may have 
taken to develop, and 
fix, the breed-peculiari¬ 
ties, may be very long, 
or the breed may have 
sprung up within a few 
generations, but the re¬ 
sult is the same; an 
assemblage of animals, 
possessing certain 
points in common which 
are different from those 
in any other group, and 
able to retain these 
points, when bred to¬ 
gether. By a wise selection of animals, care in get¬ 
ting offsprings, and the application of proper food, 
and treatment, excellent specimens of stock can be 
produced. This is breeding, at the basis of which 
is the fundamental principle of “Like produces 
like,” and out of which rises the common rule of 
good breeding: “Always select the best.” It is im¬ 
possible to give a full statement of the qualities of 
a successful breeder. His standard must be high, 
and well defined, that is, lie must know for what 
Fig. 1.— DIAGRAM OF PEDIGREE OF GOLDSMITH MAID. 
the deep fundamental qualities which give to the 
animals their great value. Above all, the breeder 
should not hope to produce an animal that is the 
best for everything ; a superior running horse, is not 
expected to make the best animal for the heavy cart. 
After the breed is once established, a record of 
the ancestry of each animal constituting it, is of 
great importance, and such a record is a pedigree. 
When these pedigrees are published, the record of 
the breed is called a Herd-Book; as for example, 
the English Herd-Book of each of the various breeds 
of cattle. The American Stud-Book for horses, etc. 
The Am. Devon Herd-Book, now consists of five 
volumes, the fifth being published last July, and 
contains the pedigrees of 273 bulls, 552 cows, carry¬ 
ing up the number of bulls in all, to 1,375, and the 
cows to 2,678. These volumes are continued from 
time to time,as the number of entries may determine. 
A sample entry is selected from page 20 of the last 
volume. “ 1,218, General Hawley .—Calved July 13, 
1878, bred by E. H. Hyde, Stafford, Conn.; owned 
by S. H. Sprague, Westminister, Mass. Sire , Bar- 
huron, 727, 2nd sire Queen Ann’6 Huron, 320. Dam 
Helena F., 1,732, by Felix, 509. 2nd Dam, Cole’s 
Helena 4th, 877, by Iroquois, 564—General Hawley 
was one of the herd that won the first prize at the 
Conn. State Fair, held at Hartford, 1818.” A pedi¬ 
gree is simply a statement of the ancestry of an ani¬ 
mal, and under the law of “like producing like,” 
the better the ancestors, and the closer they resem¬ 
ble each other, the better the offspring, and the 
stronger its breed marks. The relations of an ani¬ 
mal to its ancestors—or, in other words, its family 
tree, of which it is one of the utmost branches—can 
be best shown by a diagram. For this purpose we 
select the one of the famous trotting Mare “ Gold¬ 
smith Maid,” as constructed by Qr. M. Miles, and 
published in his recent work on Stock Breeding. 
As one runs back generation after generation, it will 
be a fine and interesting problem, to work out the 
amount present, of “Messenger” blood. In the 
second diagram, the pedigree of Hamond’s Merino 
ram “ Gold Drop” is shown, reproduced from the 
same work. With sufficient time, the pedigree of 
CALIEOR, 
N,A \C0LD 
' DROP 
OLD 
MATCHLESS 
-PEDIGREE DIAGRAM OF GOLD DROP. 
every registered animal may be thus constructed 
from the Herd-Book. The same relationship may 
be represented as shown below, where the pedi¬ 
gree of the Jersey bull, “ May Duke,” is given. 
MAY PUKE. 
May. 
Q EEN’S FAVORITE, 
Madcap. 
Snow-drop. Young Duke. 
Perfection. 
Brunette. Favorite. 
Fawn. Grand Duke. 
Still another style is employed, where only the 
sires are given, as in the case of Cheviot sheep, 
which have a record in the following shape, g 
standing for grand : Clansman.-— Sire, The Gentle- 
