Parasites of Domestic Animals in Hawaii — Alicata 
71 
Copris minutus Drury as an intermediate 
host. In Hawaii, the related beetle C. incer- 
tus (Say) may be found to serve as a suitable 
host. T. am eric ana is known to utilize any 
of the following as intermediate hosts in the 
Islands (Alicata, 1938c): (coleoptera) 
Dendrophilus sp. (probably D. punctatus 
Herbst), Dermestes vulpinus Fabricius, Epi- 
tragus diremptus Karsch, and Gonocephalus 
seriatum (Boisd.); (orthoptera) Blattella 
germanica (Linn.); and Gonocephalus salta- 
tor (Sauss.); (dermaptera) Euhorellia an- 
nulipes (Lucas); (amphipoda) Orchestia 
platensis Kroyer. The sow bug, (isopoda) 
Porcellio laevis Latr., serves as intermediate 
hosts for D. spiralis (Alicata, 1938c), which 
often produces deep ulcerations of the pro- 
ventricular wall. 
FLUKES 
The cecal fluke, Postharmostomum galli- 
num (Witenberg), commonly infects adult 
chickens raised on the ground. Extensive 
cecal hemorrhages have been found asso¬ 
ciated with infection by this parasite. Recent 
studies have shown that two common land 
snails, Eulota similaris (Fer.) and Subulina 
octona (Brug.), serve as intermediate hosts 
(Alicata, 1940). 
TAPEWORMS 
Tapeworms are of common occurrence in 
chickens. Those known in Hawaii include 
the following: Choanotaenia injundibulum 
(Bloch), Hymenolepis carioca (Magalhaes), 
Hymenolepis exigua Yoshida, Raillietina ces- 
ticillus (Molin), and R. tetragona (Molin) 
(Alicata, 1938c). 
Various arthropods in Hawaii are known 
to serve as intermediate hosts for the above- 
mentioned tapeworms, as follows (Alicata, 
1938c; Hall, 1929): C. injundibulum: 
(coleoptera) Dermestes vulpinus Fabri¬ 
cius, Epitragus diremptus Karsch, Gono¬ 
cephalus seriatum (Boisd.), and (diptera) 
Musca domestica Linn.; H. exigua: (amphi¬ 
poda) Orchestia platensis Kroyer; R. cesti- 
cillus: (coleoptera) Dermestes vulpinus 
and Gonocephalus seriatum; R. tetragona: 
probably various species of ants, especially 
those of the genera Pheidole and Tetra- 
morium. Members of this group of ants 
( P . vinelandica and T. caespitum) are known 
intermediate hosts of R. tetragona in conti¬ 
nental United States (Jones and Horsefall, 
1935). 
ARTHROPODS 
Various species of lice are known to in¬ 
fest poultry in the Islands. These include 
the following (Illingworth, 1928^): chick¬ 
en body louse, Eomenacanthus stramineus 
(Nitzsch); chicken head louse, Lipeurus 
heterographus Nitzsch; common hen louse, 
Menopon gallinae (Linn.), also found on 
turkeys and guinea hens; fluff louse of 
chickens and turkeys, Goniocotes hologaster 
Nitzsch; large chicken louse, Goniocotes 
gigas Taschenberg; large turkey louse, Goni- 
odes stylijer Nitzsch; peafowl and guinea hen 
louse, Menopon phaeostomum (Nitzsch); 
turkey louse, Lipeurus gallipavonis Geoffroy; 
and the chicken wing louse, Lipeurus caponis 
(Linn.). 
Mites found on chickens include the red 
mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer); the 
wing mite, Pterolichus obtusus Robin; and 
the body mite, Megninia cubitalis (Megnis) 
(Alicata et al., 1946). Included likewise is 
the tropical fowl mite, Lyponyssus bursa 
(Berlese); this mite has also been reported 
common in nests of English sparrows and 
mynah birds. It is known to invade houses, 
where it bites human beings and causes skin 
irritation (Zimmerman, 1944). 
Other arthropods of poultry include 
the sticktight flea, Echidnophaga gallinacea 
(Westwood) (Illingworth, 1916); the 
pigeon fly, Pseudolynchia canariensis (Mac- 
quart) (= Lynchia maura Bigot), generally 
widespread among pigeons (Bryan, 1934); 
and the biting louse of pigeons, Columbicola 
columbae (Linn.) (Zimmerman, 1944). 
