74 
PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. 1, April, 1947 
Hawaii, Oahu, and Maui, 160, or 44.8 per 
cent, showed infestation (Cuckler and Ali- 
cata, 1943). In several instances the ticks 
were found in large numbers filling the en¬ 
tire ear canal. These ectoparasites are known 
to puncture the tender skin of the ear and 
suck blood. The wounds thus caused often 
ulcerate and a condition known as ear canker 
results. 
Parasites of Swine 
protozoa 
There are two types of protozoa infecting 
swine in the Islands. They are frequently the 
cause of dysentery, especially among young 
animals. Included are the coccidia, Eimeria 
debliecki Douwes, E. scabra Henry, and 
E. s pinos a Henry, and the ciliate, Balanti¬ 
dium coli (Malmsten). Various forms of 
unidentified amoebae and flagellates of un¬ 
known pathogenicity are also frequently 
noted in the feces of swine. 
ROUNDWORMS 
In 1938 an examination of the feces of 
103 grown pigs from the islands of Oahu 
and Kauai (Alicata, 1939 b) revealed the 
following incidence of parasite eggs: Ascaris 
suum Goeze, 21 per cent; Oesophagostomum 
dentatum (Rudolphi), 32 per cent; Strongy- 
loides sp., 43 per cent; Trichuris suum 
(Schrank), 7 per cent. 
Adult roundworms which have been re¬ 
covered at necropsy from swine include 
the following (Alicata, 1938 d)\ stomach 
worms, As car ops strongylina (Rudolphi) 
and Hyostrongylus rubidus (Hassall and 
Stiles); kidney worms, Stephanurus denta- 
tus Diesing; lungworms, Choerostrongylus 
pudendotectus Vostokov and Metastrongylus 
elongatus (Dujardin). Larvae of Trichinella 
spiralis (Owen) have also been found en¬ 
cysted in the musculature of a domestic pig. 
Kidney worms and lungworms are most 
frequently found among hogs raised in open 
hog lots. According to a personal commu¬ 
nication received from Dr. R. N. Beddow, 
Veterinarian, Territorial Board of Health, of 
25,234 hogs slaughtered in Honolulu dur¬ 
ing 1945 and 1946, 2.8 per cent showed 
adult kidney worms in the kidney fat. This 
undoubtedly represents a partial incidence of 
infection in swine, since no observation was 
apparently made on the presence of young 
migrating worms, which are frequently 
found in the liver and other parts of the 
body. 
Of the above roundworms, lungworms 
are known to require earthworms as an in¬ 
termediate host. At least two species of un¬ 
identified earthworms recovered from hog 
lots around Honolulu have been found by 
the writer to harbor infective lungworm 
larvae. It is reported that in Hawaii there 
are about a dozen species of earthworms of 
the genus Pheretima (Williams, 1931). The 
stomach worm, A. strongylina, utilizes one 
of various coprophagous beetles as interme¬ 
diate host in continental United States (Ali¬ 
cata, 1935); in Hawaii, beetles of the genus 
Aphodius possibly serve in this capacity. 
Because of the occurrence of the first 
laboratory-proved case of human trichinosis 
in Hawaii in 1936 (Alicata, 1938^), the 
writer, under the auspices of the Territorial 
Board of Health, conducted a survey to de¬ 
termine the source and prevalence of trichina 
infection in nature. This survey revealed the 
following information: of 61 domestic and 
41 wild hogs examined from the island of 
Hawaii, 1 and 6, respectively, were found 
infected; of 2,130 rats and 70 mongooses 
examined, 57 and 17, respectively, showed 
infection.. No trichinae were found in 92, 
130, and 30 domestic hogs examined from 
the islands of Maui, Oahu, and Kauai, re¬ 
spectively. Of 1,904 rats and 22 mongooses 
examined on Maui, 1 and 2, respectively, 
were found infected. Of 352 and 601 rats 
examined from Oahu and Kauai, respec¬ 
tively, none showed infection. 
It is of interest to point out that from 
