76 
PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. 1, April, 1947 
FLUKES 
According to a report by Hall (1936), 
liver flukes collected in 1894 from a horse in 
Honolulu were sent to the U. S. Bureau of 
Animal Industry. These flukes were orig¬ 
inally diagnosed as Fasciola hepatica Linn., 
but a recent re-examination by Mr. A. Mc¬ 
Intosh of that Bureau revealed that they are 
F. gigantic a (Cobbold). Moreover, veteri¬ 
narians on the island of Kauai have verbally 
reported to the writer the finding of fas- 
ciolid flukes in livers of horses. Thus far the 
writer has not confirmed these observations. 
In recent years the examination of the livers 
of five horses pastured in known fluke- 
infested areas failed to reveal liver fluke in¬ 
fection. In addition, a horse and a mule fed 
experimentally 650 and 2,300 infective liver 
fluke cysts, respectively, failed to show evi¬ 
dence of flukes or fluke lesions when autop- 
sied a few months later (Alicata and Swan¬ 
son, 1938). It appears that equines only 
rarely become infected with liver flukes. 
TAPEWORMS 
Two species of tapeworms, Anoplocephala 
perjoliata (Goeze) (Foster and Alicata, 
1939) and A. magna (Abildgaard) (Swan¬ 
son, 1939), have been reported from horses 
in the Islands. The intermediate host for 
each of these parasites is unknown. 
ARTHROPODS 
The larvae of the 'Tot flies,” Gastro- 
philus intestinalis (De Geer) and G. nasalis 
(Linn.) (Foster and Alicata, 1939), are 
commonly found attached to the stomach 
wall of horses in the Islands. Adult flies, 
Stomoxys calcitrans (Linn.), are also pesti¬ 
ferous on horses. 
Parasites of Sheep and Goats 
protozoa 
No reports are available on the protozoa 
of sheep and goats in the Islands. 
ROUNDWORMS 
A recent examination (Cuckler, 1943) of 
a group of sheep from the island of Kahoo- 
lawe revealed the following incidence of 
roundworms: stomach worms, Haemonchus 
contortus (Rudolphi), in 6 of 15 examined, 
and Trichostrongylus instabilis Railliet in 3 
of 10 examined; intestinal worms, Cooperia 
punctata (V. Linstow), in 3 of 10 examined, 
and Nematodirus spathiger (Railliet) in 1 
of 10 examined. 
FLUKES 
Specimens of liver flukes collected from 
sheep in Honolulu were submitted to the 
U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry in 1892 
(Hall, 1936). These specimens, which were 
originally identified as Fasciola hepatica 
Linn., are doubtlessly F. gigantica, since the 
former is not known to have occurred in the 
Islands. 
tapeworms 
Unidentified larval tapeworms or "bladder 
worms,” probably those of Taenia hydati- 
gena Pallas, attached to the liver and peri¬ 
toneum of sheep have been noted by Dr. A. 
H. Julien, Federal meat inspector (personal 
communication). The larvae of T. hydati- 
gena are known to reach maturity in the 
intestinal tract of dogs. 
ARTHROPODS 
In the examination of 60 sheep from the 
island of Kahoolawe (Cuckler, 1943), 43 
harbored the spinose eartick, Otobius meg- 
nini (Duges). Reports also indicate the 
occurrence on sheep of the "sheep tick,” 
Melophagus ovinus (Linn.) (Bryan, 1933; 
Muir, 1928); the "head maggot,” Oestrus 
ovis Linn. (Bryan, 1933); and the "Oriental 
blowfly,” Chrysomyia megacephala (Fabri- 
cius) (Bryan, 1934). The sucking louse, 
Linognathus africanus Kellog and Paine, and 
the biting louse, Bovicola caprae (Gurlt), 
