AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST. 
65 
1880.] 
about the eye. Sometimes, however, they were 
upon the side, and unconnected with either the eye 
or stem extremity. Figure 1 gives the appearance 
Fig. 1.—APPLE AFFECTED BY FUNGUS. 
of one of the apples, and in figure 2 is shown the 
effect which was produced upon the interior of an¬ 
other. The flesh of the apple was somewhat dis¬ 
colored in places, and rather hard and knotty in 
lines running to the core. The fruit was thus un- 
Fig. 2.— section of apple. Fig. 3. 
fitted for use, and when attacked became stunted 
and one-sided in its growth. Mr. Campbell’s apple 
crop was very materially diminished by this means. 
Many of the ‘ cluster-cups ’ upon the fruit were 
longer and larger than those upon the leaves. This 
was very distinct to the unaided eye. In figure 3 I 
have sketched several of them enlarged. They are 
long, curving, aud horn-like. Their recurved borders 
ofteu tail to separate into the characteristic thread¬ 
like parts which are so distinct a mark of the 
shorter cups. A second point of great interest to 
fruit-growers is the connection of the 1 cedar-ap¬ 
ples ’ with these ‘ cluster-cups ’—a point to which 
you refer by an example. 1 am glad to be able to 
add another, which is so conclusive that in my own 
mind there is no longer any doubt of the specific 
identity of (.he two forms which are apparently so 
different in their nature. The trees from which 
the specimens were taken were rather closely set, 
young and thrifty. Two red cedars were growing 
very near them. One was small, and upon it were 
found a half-dozen of ‘ cedar apples; ’ the other 
was a moderate sized tree, upon which were very 
many. Upon the apple trees nearest the cedars 
scarcely an apple or a leaf escaped infection. A 
few rods off was an older orchard, separated by a 
narrow roadway: only an occasional apple upon 
these trees showed the fungus. It appears as if 
the Pound apple was more susceptible to attack 
than other kinds ; for one or two of other varieties, 
and apparently equally exposed, showed less of in¬ 
fested fruit. The case seems to be worthy of be¬ 
ing placed on record, and to offer practical proof 
of the relationship of the two very unlike fungi—a 
point upon which botanists have long disagreed.” 
Rapid Tree Planting in Kansas. 
{Professor Sargent, Director of the Arboretum 
at Harvard University, favors us with an extract 
from a letter written by Mr. Robert Douglas, the 
noted forest-tree grower, of Waukegan, Illinois. 
Mr. Douglas has recently completed a plantation 
of trees of the new hardy Catalpa ( Catalpa spociosa), 
for one of the railroads of Eastern Kansas, and his 
method of planting, the result of years of practice 
and experience, will be of service to other prairie 
tree-planters, or indeed to any one elsewhere plant¬ 
ing seedling forest trees on a large scale.— Ed.] 
“ 1 wish you could have seen those raw men after 
we had worked them a few days. They boasted 
about planting 300 trees per man when they worked 
there last spring. When I told them that, after two 
days, I would make them average 1,500 trees per 
man, you should have seen the look they gave me. 
But they did it the second day, and kept it up to 
the end. The trees were as well planted as they 
possibly could be, the roots being carefully spread 
out by the fingers, and every tree planted firmly. 
Every one of those 18 or24 men, averaging 10 hours 
per day, planted two and a half trees for every 
minute of that time 1 As this mode of planting is 
my own, arrived at after some study and experience, 
and reduced to the very fewest motions that can 
be used in planting a tree, or, rather, a plantation 
of trees, I trust that a description of the operation 
may be of interest. We call this the ‘three-motion 
system ’ of planting. The land is marked off 4 by 
4 feet, with a corn marker. The men are in 
‘gangs’of three each, two with spades and the 
other with 100 trees tied up neatly in a parcel with 
a willow. The spaders stand facing each other, 
taking each a row, the tree holder standing between 
them. The spader makes a downward stroke with 
the back of the spade facing outwards, and then 
takes out a spadeful of earth. This leaves a straight 
side on the back of the hole, against which No. 3 
places the tree ; the digger then replaces the spade¬ 
ful of earth, having made just 3 motions of the 
spade. The tree holder takes a tree from his 
bundle, and with a quick motion, which is hard to 
describe, but easy to learn, places the tree in the 
hole in such a manner as to spread out the roots 
perfectly. In this way he tends two men, putting 
in the trees just as the spader raises the earth. As 
the spader steps forward to the next check made 
by the marker, he brings down the heel of his left 
foot close to the just planted tree, and this leaves 
it firmly tightened in the soil, and ready to grow.” 
Twin Apples. 
In a “ Basket Item ” given last month on page 7, 
we mentioned the receipt of twin Lady apples from 
Mr. W. W. Young, of Ky. Thinking afterwards 
that the occurrence of such a union of apples was 
of sufficient interest to put on record with an en¬ 
graving, we gave one of the specimens to an artist 
for the picture to be made. Singularly enough, 
when we opened the next parcel of our English 
A TWIN APPLE. 
papers, there in the “ Journal of Horticulture ” 
was, to all intents and purposes, our twin apple. 
The account of this English twin is of special in¬ 
terest, as it informs us that the tree which bore it 
has a regular habit of producing twins, and that it 
has been propagated. The apple is not, like ours, 
of a known variety, but is probably a chance seed¬ 
ling. Mr. Young stated, in sending the twin Lady 
apple, that he found a number of twins every year. 
We would suggest that he examine the coming sea¬ 
son to ascertain if they do not all come from the same 
tree. Of course this growing together of apples is 
only of scientific interest; to the orchardist, other 
than a few specimens as curiosities, the habit of 
doubling the apples (instead of the crop) would be 
a disadvantage. It is useful for him to know 
that the peculiarity may be propagated, in order 
that such trees may be avoided in cutting cions. 
THE H®mE18I©M3). 
For other Household Hems see “ Basket ” pages. 
Household Decorative Art* 
BY M. G. E. 
The design for a Bracket in fret-work, here given 
in fig. 1, is to be worked up with a chisel and vein- 
Fig. 1. — DESIGN FOK BRACKET. 
ing tool. The shelf, shown in figure 2, is supported 
by a piece of carved wood, precisely like one-half 
of the lower part of the back, to which it must be 
firmly attached by means of small screws let in 
from behind. The wood should be f-inch oak or 
walnut. In drawing outlines for carving, chalk is 
better than pencil, as it is more readily erased, un¬ 
less the pattern is delicate, as for fret-work, when a 
pencil line will be more easily followed. If the or¬ 
nament is to be in high relief, draw the pattern 
boldly on the upper surface, and mark off by a line 
on the sides, the distance to which the first flower 
or leaf of the group is to be cut down. For 
straight lines, use the chisel, holding it upon the 
line, firmly in the left hand, and strike it a light 
blow with the mallet in the right; do not cut too 
deeply at once. A heavy blow is likely to break 
the fibre, and the piece that was intended to be left 
in relief will be weakened, and probably break off 
with a little handling. For curved lines use the 
gouges; if you have several sizes, one will be found 
to fit each curve ; be careful to cut straight down, 
and do not let the tool slope; work 6lowly and 
carefully until the whole design is outlined. Then, 
with your chisels, clean away the back-ground, 
leaving the ornament in as high relief as desired ; 
now sketch in the remaining leaves, treating them 
in the same way, clean out carefully underneath, 
and the work is now blocked out. Much patient 
labor is next wanted to perfect what is now but just 
begun. The veining of the leaves, the curving of 
the flowers, the rounding of the stems, and all the 
delicate tracery required must be accomplished by 
the aid of the small chisel, gouges, veining, and 
parting tools. Cut cleanly and with thought; 
avoid the use of sand-paper if possible, design 
* This was prepared and intended to follow an article 
given in June last, but was crowded out for the time. 
