518 
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST, 
[Decembeb, 
1DYS & MS’ (D©]L¥Mim 
'I'Bie S^oftor’s T;ilk«. 
It will l)e remembered that last month the relation be¬ 
tween the sun, rainfall, and the flow of water in streams 
and rivers was pointed out. It was also said (hat there 
were two general kinds or classes of water wheels to 
make use of the power in moving water; tlie vertical 
wheels that turn “over and over,” and the horizontal 
ones, that go “ round and round.” The three principal 
forms of vertical wheels, namely: the over-shot, under¬ 
shot, and breast wheels, were described and illustrated, 
and the horizontal ones were left until anotner time. 
The working of the horizontal, or Turbine wheels, is fre- 
Fig. 1.— APPARATUS KNOWN AS “BARKER’S MILL.” 
ijuently explained to classes in Natural Philosophy with 
-an apparatus like that shown in figure 1. This machine 
consists of a vertical tube, C , connecting with two hori¬ 
zontal arms which have their ends bent as shown in the 
one drawn separate at A, B. The upper part of the tube 
is enlarged so as to receive water from a can above it, 
provided with a faucet. The tube, with its arms, rests 
upon a pivot iu the bottom of the dish, and the whole 
can move freely. It will be observed that the four ends 
of the arms are all bent in the same direction, though at 
first sight it may not seem so. As the water flows through 
these bent tubes, and out the opening at the ends, the 
whole apparatus on the pivot is made to revolve, and in 
a direction opposite to the water jets, as shown by the 
arrow in the illustration. But what makes the flowing 
of the water turn the machine? It is because the tubes 
are bent, and all bent in the same direction; if they were 
-straight, or two bent one way and the other two bent 
equally in the opposite direction there would be no mo¬ 
tion. In a bent tube there is a unequal pressure of the 
water upon the sides as it flows through, the liquid tend¬ 
ing to straighten the tube, but in the case of a thick tube 
of glass, iron,etc. 
this cannot be 
done, and, if pos¬ 
sible, the whole 
tube will move, 
as in the case 
of the “mill,” 
shown in figure 
1. This unequal 
pressure of water 
flowing through a 
curved tube may 
be clearly illus¬ 
trated in the case 
of a rubber hose; 
if the water is let 
in quickly, the 
curved end of the 
tube will bo 
thrown wildly about. Firemen have to be on their 
guard to have the water-hose as straight as possible 
when they are throwing a heavy stream with great force. 
A Turbine water wheel is shown in figure 2, but it is 
so compact that it will be hard for some to get a clear 
Fig. 2. —A TURBINE WHEEL. 
idea of its structure without another figure showing its 
arrangement inside, which is done in figure 3, giving a 
section of the wheel. The wheel is driven by water 
which comes from above, entering the wheel through the 
side openings 
or slintes (D, 
fig. 3), and 
strikesagainst 
the “buckets” 
marked B, the 
arrows show¬ 
ing the direc¬ 
tion of the 
flowiugwater. 
The “dead 
water ” es¬ 
capes from tlie 
central part of 
the wheel, at 
the bottom of 
the flume. The 
motion of the F;<r 3.— SECTION OF TURBINE WHEEL, 
wheel, which 
is under water, is given to the machinery of the mill or 
factory through a shaft marked A, in figures 2 and 3. The 
turbine wheels are not all made to work in exactly the 
same way as the one here shown,but they are all horizontal, 
and are the most effective water wheels yet known, that 
is, they give the most power to the machinery of the mill 
for the force that is in the water that flows through them. 
SolMiioaa : WSmJit Us Bt? 
Here comes a hard question from a boy, that does not 
live a thousand miles from a large and rapidly growing 
city near the lower end of Lake Michigan. He wants us 
to tell him what we mean by Solution. It is to be pre 
sumed that the yonm 
Our I*iizz1c-1C»x. 
CltOSS-WORD. 
My first is in brilliant but not in gay. 
My next is m morning but not in day. 
My third is in shutter but not m blind. 
My fourth is in conscience but -lot in mind, 
My filth is in wisdom but not in sdhse, 
My sixth is in paling but not in fence. 
My seventh is iu carpet but not m rug. 
My eighth is iu tumbler but not in mug, 
My ninth is in barter but not m sell. 
My tenth is in fountain but not in well. 
My eleventh is in country but not in town. 
My twelfth is in feather lint not in down; 
Dear reader prithee shun my whole, 
It damages llie very soul. 
NUMERICAL ENIGMAS. 
1. I am composed of 22 letters - 
My 6, 7, 4, 10 22, is part of a cask. 
My lli, 1, 0. 8, 2, 7, is to become invisible. 
My 12, li, 10, 3, 13, 21, is part of a child’s clothing in 
winter. 
My 14, 15. 5. 20, 0, is a fabric. 
My 18, 17. 10. 13, 19. is a number. 
My whole is an excellent proverb. 
2. I am composed of 19 letters; 
My 14, 8, 7. 17, is an insect. 
My 3, 17, 10, 2, 5, 11. is a hard, brittle metal. 
My 1, 18. 12, 4, is steam. 
My 9, 10, 12, 0, 10, conies from the clouds. 
My 0, 13, 15, 7, is any particular place. 
My whole is the title of a song. 
LOGOGRIPH. 
Find a word of four letters, from which you may find 
words to fill the blanks in the following history: 
We were sitting-one day ; there was plenty to ' 
-, but I - nothing, for I had a pain in my — , and 
a - in my eye. I could not help laughing, however, 
when I saw the cat run through the room ut a furious 
-after a-. 
PROVERB ENIGMA. 
This puzzle represents a well known proverb, jxem- 
plified iu the central picture. The several objects lis- 
questioncr has looked 
the word up in the dic¬ 
tionary—all should do 
this before writing to 
us—and found that it 
comes from the Latin 
solulio —to loosen. The 
word Solution , as it is 
now used, has a number 
of meanings—as the so¬ 
lution of a problem, etc. 
It is evidently the solu¬ 
tion of a substance, as 
that of sugar or salt, 
that the young friend 
lias in mind. If we 
take a glass of pure 
water, and stir into it 
a tablespoonful of white 
sugar, the sugar soon 
disappears, and to the 
eye is entirely lost. If 
we had weighed the 
water and the sugar be¬ 
fore they had been put 
together, and the (here 
we have to use our 
word) Solution made by 
mixing them, no loss of 
weight would have been 
found. The sugar has 
dissolved in the water, 
and a Solution been 
formed which is sweet 
to the taste, and may 
be called a syrup. But 
why does the sugar dissolve iu the water? There is 
a force called Cohesion, which you have had explained 
in a Doctor's Talk not many months ago, that acts 
between like parlicles of matter, and tends to hold 
them together. It was Cohesion that held the particles 
of sugar together to make the lump of sugar. There is 
another force called Adhesion, which acts between 
unlike particles, and tends to hold them together. 
Now, there is the adhesion between the particles of 
water and the particles of sugar, and that force is 
so strong that it overpowers the cohesive force of 
the particles of sugar for each other, and the particles 
of water for each other also, and the sugar and the water 
unite, it all becoming liquid, or, in other words, the 
sugar melts away in the water. This melting will go on 
as we add more sugar until a time comes when no more 
will dissolve, and then we say the solution is a saturated 
one—the water having received all the sugar it can hold. 
There are many substances that are not soluble in water, 
and therefore when they are put in water none of their 
substance disappears. If wood was soluble in water, a 
common boat would not last long, when pushed into the 
lake. The reader will think of iron, quartz, and many 
other solids that are not soluble in water, and also some 
liquids that do not dissolve in water, as quicksilver, etc. 
played around this may be described by words composed 
of those letters in the proverb which are designated by 
the numbers near each-objeet. 
DOUBLE ACROSTIC. 
Two opposite emotions 
Initials and final are, 
The first is born in Heaven, 
Last never enters there. 
1. An instrument of torture. 
2. Here music gives delight. 
3. A sweet and fragrant flower. 
4. Most welcome, day or night. 
CHANGED HEADS. 
First I am a period of time ; change my head several 
times, and make (1) an unpleasant sensation. (2) beloved, 
(3) to raise, (4) dry, (5) a fruit, (6)an animal, (7) apparatus, 
(8) to lacerate, (<)) to be told, (10), one of Shaksi>eare'« 
characters, (11) to waste, and (12) immediate. 
PUZZLE 
Take a third of twelve, 
And a third of one. 
And you'll only have two 
When the whole is done. 
ANAGRAMS. 
1. Fool's crime. 
2. Brighten any. 
3. O I I bit Missic’s lip. 
4. E’en singer. 
5. Tea-urn fount 
6. But a last fin. 
7. Ice funnels. 
8. Dire ration. 
9. For tin pieces. 
10. Light may coed. 
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