CONTENTS. xvii 
tological Characters.—Test of Age by included Fragments.—Frequent 
Absence of Strata of intervening Periods.—Tabular Views of fossiliferous 
Strata..Page 121 
CHAPTEK IX. 
CLASSIFICATION OF TERTIARY FORMATIONS. 
Order of Succession of Sedimentary Formations.—Frequent Unconformability 
of Strata.—Imperfection of the Record.—Defectiveness of the Monuments 
greater in Proportion to their Antiquity.—Reasons for studying the newer 
Groups first.—Nomenclature of Formations.—Detached Tertiary Forma¬ 
tions scattered over Europe.—Value of the Shell-bearing Mollusca in Class¬ 
ification.—Classification of Tertiary Strata.—Eocene, Miocene, and Plio¬ 
cene Terms explained. 137 
CHAPTER X. 
A 
RECENT AND POST-PLIOCENE PERIODS. 
Recent and Post-pliocene Periods.—Terms defined.—Formations of the 
Recent Period.—Modern littoral Deposits containing Works of Art near 
Naples.—Danish Peat and Shell-mounds.—Swiss Lake-dwellings.—Peri¬ 
ods of Stone, Bronze, and Iron.—Post-pliocene Formations.—Coexistence 
of Man with extinct Mammalia.—Reindeer Period of South of France.— 
Alluvial Deposits of Paleolithic Age.—Higher and Lower-level Valley- 
gravels.—Loess or Inundation-mud of the Nile, Rhine, etc,—Origin of 
Caverns.—Remains of Man and extinct Quadrupeds in Cavern Deposits.— 
Cave of Kirkdale.—Australian Cave-breccias.—Geographical Relationship 
of the Provinces of living Vertebrata and those of extinct Post-pliocene 
Species.—Extinct struthious Birds of New Zealand.—Climate of the Post¬ 
pliocene Period.—Comparative Longevity of Species in the Mammalia and 
Testacea.—Teeth of Recent and Post-pliocene^Mammalia. 145 
CHAPTER XI. 
POST-PLIOCENE PERIOD, CONTINUED.—GLACIAL CONDITIONS. 
Geographical Distribution, Form, and Characters of Glacial Drift.—Funda¬ 
mental Rocks, polished, grooved, and scratched.—Abrading and striating 
Action of Glaciers.—Moraines, Erratic Blocks, and “ Roches Moutonnees.” 
—Alpine Blocks on the Jura.—Continental Ice of Greenland.—Ancient 
Centres of the Dispersion of Erratics.—Transportation of Drift by floating 
Icebergs.—Bed of the Sea furrowed and polished by the running aground 
of floating Ice-islands. 166 
CHAPTER XII. 
POST-PLIOCENE PERIOD, CONTINUED.—GLACIAL CONDITIONS, CONCLUDED. 
Glaciation of Scandinavia and Russia.—Glaciation of Scotland.—Mammoth 
in Scotch Till.—Marine Shells in Scotch Glacial Drift.—Their Arctic Char¬ 
acter.—Rarity of Organic Remains in Glacial Deposits.—Contorted Strata 
in Drift.—Glaciation of Wales, England, and Ireland.—Marine Shells of 
Moel Tryfaen.—Erratics near Chichester.—Glacial Formations of North 
America.—Many Species of Testacea and Quadrupeds survived the Glacial 
