XVI 
CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER V. 
ELEVATION OF STRATA ABOVE THE SEA.—HORIZONTAL AND INCLINED 
STRATIFICATION. 
Why the Position of Marine Strata, above the Level of the Sea, should be 
referred to the rising up of the Land, not to the going down of the Sea.— 
Strata of Deep-sea and Shallow-water Origin alternate.—Also Marine and 
Eresh-water Beds and old Land Surfaces.—Vertical, inclined, and folded 
Strata.—Anticlinal and Synclinal Curves.—Theories to explain Lateral 
Movements.—Creeps in Coal-mines.—Dip and Strike.—Structure of the 
Jura.—Various Forms of Outcrop.—Synclinal Strata forming Ridges.— 
Connection of Fracture and Flexure of Rocks.—Inverted Strata.—Faults 
described.—Superficial Signs of the same obliterated by Denudation.— 
Great Faults the Result of repeated Movements.—Arrangement and Di¬ 
rection of parallel Folds of Strata.— Unconformability.—Overlapping 
Strata.Page 70 
CHAPTER VI. 
DENUDATION. 
Denudation defined.—Its Amount more than equal to the entire Mass of strat¬ 
ified Deposits in the Earth’s Crust.—Subaerial Denudation.—Action of 
the Wind.—Action of Running Water.—Alluvium defined.—Different 
Ages of Alluvium.—Denuding Power of Rivers affected by Rise or Fall of 
Land. —Littoral Denudation. —Inland Sea-cliffs. —Escarpments. —Subma¬ 
rine Denudation.—Dogger-bank.—Newfoundland Bank.—Denuding Pow¬ 
er of the Ocean during Emergence of Land. 96 
CHAPTER VII. 
JOINT ACTION OF DENUDATION, UPHEAVAL, AND SUBSIDENCE IN REMODEL¬ 
LING THE earth’s crust. 
How we obtain an Insight at the Surface, of the Arrangement of Rocks at 
great Depths.—Why the Height of the successive Strata in a given Region 
is so disproportionate to their Thickness.—Computation of the average 
annual Amount of subaerial Denudation.—Antagonism of Volcanic Force 
to the Levelling Power of running Water.—How far the Transfer of Sed¬ 
iment from the Land to a neighboring Sea-bottom may affect Subterranean 
Movements.—Permanence of Continental and Oceanic Areas. 108 
CHAPTER VIII. 
CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS. 
Aqueous, plutonic, volcanic, aud metamorphic Rocks considered chronologic¬ 
ally. — Terms Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary; Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, 
and Cainozoic explained.—On the different Ages of the aqueous Rocks.— 
Three principal Tests of relative Age : Superposition, Mineral Character, 
and Fossils.—Change of Mineral Character and Fossils in the same con¬ 
tinuous Formation.—Proofs that distinct Species of Animals and Plants 
have lived at successive Periods.—Distinct Provinces of indigenous Spe¬ 
cies.—Great Extent of single Provinces.—Similar Laws prevailed at suc¬ 
cessive Geological Periods.—Relative Importance of mineral and palaion- 
