224 
ELEMENTS OF GEOLOGY. 
FIs. 145. 
Harpactor maculipes, Hecr. 
Miocene, (Euingen. 
Upper 
land consisted of, 1st, tlie upper 
fresh-water molasse, comprising 
the lacustrine marls of QEningen ; 
2dly, the marine molasse, corre¬ 
sponding in age to the faluns of 
Touraine; and 3dly, the lower 
fresh-water molasse. Some of the 
beds of the marine or middle series 
reach a height of 2470 feet above 
the sea. A large number of the 
shells are common to the faluns 
of Touraine, the Vienna basin, and 
other Upper Miocene localities. 
The terrestrial plants play a sub¬ 
ordinate part in the fossiliferous 
beds, yet more than ninety of them 
are enumerated by Heer as belong¬ 
ing to this falunian division, and of 
these more than half are common 
to subjacent Lower Miocene beds, while a proportion of about 
forty-five in one hundred are common to the overlying OEnin- 
gen flora. Twenty-six of the ninety-two species are peculiar. 
Upper Miocene of the Bolderberg, in Belgium.— In a small 
hill or ridge called the Bolderberg, which I visited in 1851, 
situated near Hasselt, about forty miles E.N.E. of Brussels, 
strata of sand and gravel occur, to which M. Dumont first 
called attention as appearing to constitute a northern repre¬ 
sentative of the faluns of Touraine. On the whole, they are 
very distinct in their fossils from the two upper divisions of 
the Antwerp Crag before mentioned (p. 
204), and contain shells of the genera Oliva, 
Conus, Ancillaria, Pleurotoma, and Cancel- 
laria in abundance. The most common 
shell is an Olive (Fig. 146), called by Nyst 
Oliva JDufresnii; and constituting, as M. 
Bosquet observes, a smaller and shorter va¬ 
riety of the Bordeaux species. 
So far as the shells of the Bolderberg are 
known, the proportion of recent species 
agrees with that in the faluns of Touraine, 
and the climate must have been warmer than that of the Cor¬ 
alline Crag of England. 
Upper Miocene ^eds of the Vienna Basin. — In South Ger¬ 
many the general resemblance of the shells of the Vienna 
tertiary basin with those of the faluns of Touraine has long- 
been acknowledged. In the late Dr. Hdrnes’s excellent work 
Fig. 146. 
Oliva 
Ditfresnii., Bast. 
Bolderberg, Belgium; 
natural size, a, front 
view ; b, back view. 
