ANGIOSPERMS OF THE COAL-MEASURES. 
429 
some species may be procured by the 
bushel; nor is there any part of the 
formation where they do not occur, 
except the under-clays and limestone. 
Fig. 4T1. 
Fig. 470. 
Trigonocarpmn ovatimi, Lind- 
ley and Hutton. Peel Quar¬ 
ry, Lancashire. 
Trigonocarpmn olivce- 
The sandstone, iron¬ 
stone, shales, and 
coal itself, all contain 
them. Mr. Binney 
has at lens^th found 
in the clay-ironstone of Lancashire several 
sjoecimens displaying structure, and from 
these, says Dr. Hooker, we learn that the 
Trigonocarpon belonged to that large sec¬ 
tion of existing coniferous plants which bear 
fleshy solitary fruits, and not cones. It re¬ 
sembled very closely the fruit of the Chinese 
its fleshy envelope. 
Felling Colliery, 
Newcastle. 
genus Salisbiiria^ one of the Yew tribe, or 
Taxoid conifers. 
Angiosperms. —The curious fossils called 
Antholithes by Lindley have usually been considered to be 
flower spikes, having what seems a calyx and linear petals 
(see Fig. 472). Dr. Hooker, after seeing very ^ 
perfect specimens, also thought that they ^ 
resembled the spike of a highly-organized 
plant in full flower, such as one of the Bro- 
meliacecB^ to which Prof. Lindley had at first 
compared them. Mr. Cai-ruthers, who has 
lately examined a large series in different 
museums, considers it to be a dicotyle¬ 
donous angiosperm allied to Orohanche 
(broom-rape), which grew, not on the soil, 
but parasitically on the trees of the coal for¬ 
ests. 
In the coal-measures of Granton, near 
Edinburgh, a remarkable fossil (Fig. 473) 
was found and described in 1840,* by Dr. 
Robert Paterson. It was compressed be¬ 
tween layers of bituminous shale, and consists of a stem 
bearing a cylindrical spike,«, which in the portion preserved 
in the slate exhibits two subdivisions and part of a third. 
The spike is covered on the exposed surface with the four-cleft 
calyces of the flowers arranged in parallel rows. The stem 
shows, at 5, a little below the spike, remains of a lateral ap¬ 
pendage, which is supposed to indicate the beginning of the 
spathe. The fossil has been referi*ed to the Aroidim^ and 
* Trans, of Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. i., 1844. 
A ntholithes. Fell ing 
Colliery, Newcastle. 
