CORALS. 
431 
with marine remains—the greater part, indeed, of the rock 
being made up bodily of crinoids, corals, and biyozoa with 
interspersed mollusca. 
Corals. —The Corals deserve especial notice, as the cup-ahd- 
star corals, which have the most massive and stony skeletons, 
display peculiarities of structure by which they may be dis¬ 
tinguished generally, as MM. Milne Edwards and Haime first 
])ointed out, from all species found in strata newer than the 
Permian. There is, in short, an ancient or Palmozoic^ and a 
modern or Neozoic type, if, by the latter term, we designate 
Fig. 4T4. 
Palaeozoic type of lamelliferons 
cup-shaped Coral. Order Zoa n- 
TiiAKi.v RUGOSA, Millie Edwards 
aud Jules Haime. 
a. Vertical section of Campophyl- 
lumjlexuosum, ( CyathopJiylhivi, 
Goldfuss); i natural size': from 
the Devonian of the Eifel. The 
lamellae are seen around the in¬ 
side of the cup; the walls con¬ 
sist of cellular tissue; aud large 
transverse plates, called tuhu- 
lae, divide the interior into 
chambers, b. Arrangement of 
the lamellae in Polycoelia pro- 
fanda, Germar, sp.; nat. si^re: 
from the Magnesian Limestone, 
Durham. This diagram shows 
the quadripartite arrangement 
of the primary septa, charac¬ 
teristic of palaeozoic corals, 
there being fbur principal and 
eight intermediate lamellae, the 
whole number in this type be¬ 
ing always a multiple of four. 
c. Stauria astraeiformis, Milne 
Edwards. Young group, nat. 
size. Upper Silurian, Goth¬ 
land. The lamellae or septal 
system in each cup are divided 
by four prominent ridges into 
four groups. 
Fig. 475. 
Neozoic type of lamelliferons 
cup - shaped Coral. Order 
ZOANTIIAEIA APOROSA, M. Ed- 
wards and J. Haime. 
a. Parasmilia centralis^ Mautell, 
sp. Vertical section ; natural 
size. Upi:)er Chalk, Graves¬ 
end. In this type the lamellae 
are massive, and extend to 
the axis or columella com¬ 
posed of loose cellular tis¬ 
sue, without any transverse 
plates tike those in Fig. 474, a. 
b. Cyathina Bowerbankii, Ed. 
and H. Transverse section, 
enlarged. Gault, Folkestone. 
In this coral the primary septa 
are a multiple of six.* The 
twelve principal plates reach 
the columella, and between 
each pair there are three sec¬ 
ondaries, in all forty-eight. 
The short intermediate 
plates which proceed from 
the columella are not count¬ 
ed. They are called pali. 
c. Fungia patellaris, Lamk. 
Recent; very young state. 
Diagram of its six primary 
aud six secondary septa, mag¬ 
nified. The sextuple arrange¬ 
ment is always more manifest 
in the youug'than in the adult 
state. 
(as proposed by Prof. E. Forbes) all strata from the triassic 
to the most modern, inclusive. The accompanying diagrams 
(Figs. 4'74, 475) may illustrate these types. 
