UPPER MIOCENE VOLCANIC ROCKS. 
537 
The largest list of fossils has been published by Mr. Karl 
Meyer, in Hartung’s “ Madeira but in the collection made 
by myself, and in a still larger one formed by Mr. J. Yate 
Johnson, several remarkable forms not in Meyer’s list occur, 
as, for example, Pholadomya^ and a large Terehra, Mr. John¬ 
son also found a fine specimen of Nautilus- [Atruria) zigzag 
(Fig. 211, p. 266), a well-known Falunian fossil of Europe; 
and in the same volcanic tuff of Baixo, the Echinoderm JBris- 
sus Scillce^ a living Mediterranean species, found fossil in the 
Miocene strata of Malta. Mr. Meyer identifies one-third of 
the Madeira shells with known European Miocene (or Falu¬ 
nian) forms. The huge Strombus of San Vicente and Porto 
Santo, S. Italicics^ is an extinct shell of the Sub-apennine or 
Older Pliocene formations. The mollusca already obtained 
from various localities of Madeira and Porto Santo are not 
less than one hundred in number, and, according to the late 
Dr. S. P. Woodward, rather more than a third are of species 
still living, but many of these are not now inhabitants of 
the neighboring sea. 
It has been remarked (p. 212), that in the Older Pliocene 
and Upj)er Miocene deposits of Europe many forms occur of 
a more southern aspect than those now inhabiting the near¬ 
est sea. In like manner the fossil corals, or Zoantharia, six 
in number, which I obtained from Madeira, of the genera As- 
trma^ Sarciniila^ Hydnophora^ were pronounced by Mr. Lons¬ 
dale to be forms foreign to the adjacent coasts, and agreeing 
with the fauna of a sea warmer than that now separating 
Madeira from the nearest part of the African coast. We 
learn, indeed, from the observations made in 1859, by the 
Rev. R. T. Lowe, that more than one-half, or fifty-three in 
ninety, of the marine mollusks collected by him from the 
sandy beach of Mogador are common British species, al¬ 
though Mogador is 18^ degrees south of the nearest shores 
of England. The living shells of Madeira and Porto Santo 
are in like manner those of a temperate climate, although in 
great part differing specifically from those of Magador.* 
Grand Canary, —In the Canaries, especially in the Grand 
Canary, the same marine Upper Miocene formation is found. 
Stratified tuffs, with intercalated conglomerates and lavas, are 
there seen in nearly horizontal layers in sea-cliffs about 300 
feet high, near Las Palmas. Mr. Hartung and I were unable 
to find marine shells in these tuffs at a greater elevation than 
400 feet above the sea; but as the deposit to which they be¬ 
long reaches to the height of 1100 feet or more in the interior, 
we conceive that an upheaval of at least that amount has 
* Linnean Proceedings ; Zoology, 1860. 
23* 
