TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
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Valleys formed in quaternary... 147 
Slides, wrinkling of strata, faults. 147 
(/). Direction of currents and condition of the earth at the quaternary period. 148 
General course of transport in 1st district. 148 
Depositions, such as would be deposited by eddies, if currents flowed in val¬ 
leys of the present forms. 148 
Coarse deposits at confluence of valleys, examples. 148 
Currents varied in direction and strength. 149 
Deposition of Long and Staten islands, caused by the gulf stream sweeping 
deposits from the Hudson valley and those branching from it. 150 
Mamakating, Kittatinny, Walkill valleys. 151 
Clusters of islands between the various main channels of the valleys described, 151 
Deposits indicate long time of nearly tranquil waters, terminated by a strong 
current. 252 
Origin of this formation, inferred from phenomena observed in New-York 
and other States. 152 
Great inland sea indicated by these deposits, their level and uniformity of 
composition. 152 
Levels of the lowest points of communication with the Atlantic and Gulf of 
Mexico from the St. Lawrence basin. 154 
Levels of various ancient beaches of this formation. 154 
Communications with the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico 
proved. 155 
Clay beds deposited during this period. E levation. Drainage necessarily passes 
through few channels. Limited in capacity. Strong currents evinced ... 155 
Shift of position or fault in clay and sand beds and in slate rocks, prove de¬ 
rangement of the rocks at the quaternary period, after the deposition of 
clay and sand beds, but before the gravel and pebble beds of the superior 
member. 156 
Recapitulation of results. 157 
3. Drift division . 158 
Synonims, general remarks. 158 
Drift and upper drift of the quaternary confounded. 158 
Two epochs of strong currents, with period of repose between. 158 
Water stood at different levels at these epochs. 158 
Causes have acted generally over N and NW States and Territories, except small 
areas that will be stated. 158 
Geological position of the drift. 159 
On all indurated rocks and on clay and sand of Long island . 159 
Localities where superposition may be examined. 159 
Composition of drift. All pre-existing materials exposed to causes. Mostly coarse .... 160 
Sometimes aggregated. “ Hard pan.” Conglomerate. 160 
