TABLE OF CONTENTS. XV 
Page. 
Localities . ...... 86, 87 
Geological situation of salt water in the U. S. 87 
Methods of evaporating brine economically.. 87 
5. Springs. General remarks... 38 
Chalybeate and localities .. 89 
Hepatic and localities. 91 
Ebbing and flowing, explanation of. 93 
Acidulous mineral waters . 94 
Saratoga springs, descriptions of. 95 
Ballston springs, “ 98 
Albany springs, “ 101 
Reed’s springs, “ 103 
Gaseous and thermal springs. 104 
Hoosick springs. 104 
New-Lebanon springs. 105 
Northeast springs. 106 
Amenia springs... 106 
Haverstraw springs. 107 
Discussion of the origin of nitrogen in these springs. 107 
Springs and wells of Long island. 108 
6. Caves. 109 
Explanation of blowing caves. 109 
Descriptions and localities of caves. 110 
Subterranean streams . Ill 
Natural bridges. 111,113 
Limestone springs. Descriptions and localities. Ill 
Sinking springs. 112 
7. Native sulphur, carburetted hydrogen, and localities. 113 
Manufacture of sulphur from pyrites. 114 
8. Sulphate of iron. Localities. 114 
Mineral rod and magic glass infatuation. 116 
9. Orpiment and arseniate of iron. 119 
10. Bog ore, red ochre and red chalk..... 119 
Wad. 121 
11. Carbonate of copper. 122 
12. Alluvial sandstones and conglomerate. 122 
2. Quaternary . 123 
General remarks. Position, members and organic remains... 123 
Extent and thickness. 124 
General division of the subject. 125 
(a). External and chemical characters.. 125 
Three and sometimes four members. 126 
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