112 
•GEOLOGY OF THE FIRST DISTRICT. 
to be the subterranean outlet of a small lake at the base of Mount Stessing, which has no visi¬ 
ble outlet. 
The Clove spring, as it is called, in Union-Vale, is supposed to discharge from twenty to 
thirty barrels of water per minute. The water is very limpid. 
Another occurs at low water mark on the bank of the Hudson, a half or three-fourths of a 
mile north of Barnegat. Another flows from the side of the post-road, a quarter of a mile 
north of the crossing of the Caspar kill. Another, on Judge Bockee’s farm, in Northeast, 
delivers about twenty cubic feet per minute. The water is very clear, and uniform in tem¬ 
perature through the year. 
In Pine-Plains are several large springs. Two are located on Mr. Walter Reynolds’ farm, 
about three miles east of Pine-Plains. Both of them are, in fact, subterranean streams, which 
sink into the earth and reappear. The larger stream disappears in a sink-hole in the base of 
the hill, on the north side of the road from Pine-Plains to Pulver’s corners, and reappears as 
a large spring boiling up through sand about a quarter of a mile southwest of the place of its 
disappearance. The road crosses the subterranean stream. There is a sink-hole on the line 
between these places, where the earth sunk in a few years ago. Another stream vanishes 
and reappears twice, south of the above, and a line of sink-holes indicates the line of the sub¬ 
terranean stream. One of them sunk a few years since, carrying a cow and a tree. The tree 
still lives, but its limbs and top only can be seen at a little distance. The cow, being unable 
to climb out of the sunken ground, starved to death. 
The Sharon springs, which may be considered as limestone springs, have already been 
mentioned under the head of Sulphur springs. Many others of common limestone water 
break out from the bottom of the same ravine, one hundred to three hundred yards farther up 
the valley. Such springs are very numerous in many places along the line of outcrop of the 
lower beds of the Helderberg system of rocks. Some near Grosvenorville in Carlisle, may 
be mentioned. 
In the eastern part of Bern, Albany county, a stream sinks on the high grounds of the 
Helderberg, and is supposed to issue again in Thomson’s pond, nearly a mile distant. 
In Greene county, in New-Baltimore, about two miles west of the Hudson, and three miles' 
southwest of New-Baltimore, is a sinking spring. It rises by the road-side, and sinks at the 
distance of a few rods at the base of a cliff of limestone, where there is a fault in the strata. 
The north fork of the Coxsackie creek in Greene county, sinks in the bottom of the valley 
near the turnpike gate between Coxsackie and Greenville, and reappears at the distance of 
two hundred to three hundred yards, at a much lower level, in the bottom of a deep ravine, 
in the water-lime series of the Helderberg division of rocks. The south fork of this stream 
also sinks and passes through a hill, according to Burr’s map, but I did not see it. 
Many copious limestone springs break out from the base of a high mural escarpment of the 
water-lime series, and otlier limestones of the Helderberg division of rocks, between Catskill 
and Saugerties, within a mile of the Hudson river. A mill is situated on one of them, and 
the water of others might be economized. Some of them probably sink in the hills farther 
