QUATERNARY DIVISION. 145 
The expense of burning is thus reduced to less than one-half its former amount, while the 
time of effecting the burning is reduced to less than one-third. 
There are potteries in Canterbury and some other places in Orange county, Ellenville in 
Ulster county, Poughkeepsie in Dutchess county, and probably other places where they were 
not seen. Stone ware is the principal article made, and the clay is obtained from South- 
Amboy and other places in New-Jersey. The glazing is the marly clay of the Hudson 
valley. 
(e). Phenomena of water and springs, formation of valleys, slides, <^c. 
The water of the clay beds of the Champlain and Hudson valleys, has been alluded to 
under the alluvial deposits, when treating of mineral waters, as containing, as a general thing, 
muriate of lime, and in some places sulphate of magnesia, and in others sulphuretted hydro¬ 
gen. The water of this formation is generally what is termed hard, or has the property of 
decomposing the alkaline, to form an earthy soap; separating the acid from the previous 
combination in the water, and the oil from the soap. The sand and gravel beds, however, 
often yield an abundance of soft water, nearly pure, or, in some places, slightly chalybeate. 
The water is universally used for drink, and all domestic uses ; and when “ hard," is made 
soft by the addition of ashes, sal soda, or other substances that will decompose the earthy 
salts in solution, when it is required for washing. 
Springs, Wells, ^c. 
The springs of Long island are numerous, and present some phenomena worthy of conside¬ 
ration. Around the heads of the bays and reenterings of the coast along the north shore of 
Long island, copious springs break out very little above tide water level. In some instances, 
they boil up through the sand and gravel so as to form a brook at once ; in others, several 
springs break out at the foot of the bank, and uniting their waters, form a stream. The nu¬ 
merous mills and manufactories on the shores of many of the reenterings of the northern 
coast of Long island, and which have no apparent streams communicating with their ponds 
to renew the supply of water, attract the attention of most observers. The water of these 
springs is very pure, in consequence of its having been filtered through beds of nearly pure 
siliceous sand and gravel. It is thrown out at the level of tide water, or at a higher level, 
where there are strata impermeable to it. Some of the most remarkable of these springs, 
which are applied to manufacturing purposes, are about Hempstead harbor, at the head of 
Little Neck bay, at the head of Coldspring harbor, and the southwest part of Oysterbay 
harbor. 
In most parts of Long island, water is not found in quantity, and is not permanent, except 
at about the level of the ocean, in consequence of the porous nature of the strata. 
In some places there are local deposits of clay and loam interstratified, which are basin¬ 
shaped, and contain the water. These are more abundant in the hilly regions than in the 
plains. Springs are as abundant and copious on the south side of the island as on the north; 
Geol. 1st Dist. 19 
