QUATERNARY DIVISION. 149 
4. The sand plains between Rosendale and Springtown, are at the junction of the Walkill valley with 
the Hudson valley. 
5. The Newburgh quaternary, extending by New-Windsor and Cornwall to Butler hill, are at the 
junction of the valleys of Murderer’s creek and Smith’s clove from the southwest, and some 
smaller ones, with the Hudson valley. 
6. The Fishkill plains, are at the junction of the valley of that stream with the Hudson valley; and the 
principal extensions are opposite the valleys from the north, and opposite the corresponding val¬ 
leys to the south, as opposite Fishkill village, Hopewell, &c. 
7. Kinderhook plains, those of Clermont and all along the east bank of the Hudson, may be referred to 
the junctions of the valleys of the various streams from the east and northeast with the Hudson 
valley; and all are connected, as we see the alluvia in the Hudson from Wappinger’s creek to 
the Highlands, where the tide sweeps the alluvia of various streams along so as to unite them. 
8. The sand plains between Sandy-hill, Glen’s-falls and Fort-Ann, are at the junction of the Hudson 
valley from the w'est, and those of the South bay of Lake George and the Champlain valley from 
the north and northeast. 
9. The sand plains of Greenwich and Easton about Galesville, are at the junction of the Batten kill with 
the Hudson valley. 
10. The plains of Scaghticoke, are at the junction of the Hoosick and Tomhannock valleys with the 
Hudson valley. 
11. The sand and gravel plains from Salem by Cambridge and Hoosick, are at the junctions of the val¬ 
leys of the Batten kill, Wallamsack, Hoosick and smaller streams with the eastern channel of 
the Hudson and Champlain valley; and these are connected so as to unite in one deposit, or are 
but slightly interrupted. 
12. The plains of Granville and Poultney, are at the junction of the valleys of Poultney and Pawlet 
rivers, with the eastern channel of the Champlain and Hudson valley. 
The smaller sand and gravel deposits, as the Dover plains and Pine plains in Dutchess 
county; Somerstown plains in Somers, and Shrub-oak plains in Yorktown, in Westchester 
county; Copake flats and Ancram plains in Columbia county; the plains of White creek and 
Little White creek in Washington county; and many others of less note that might be men¬ 
tioned, are in what seem to have been estuaries, or at or near the intersection of valleys, 
where eddy currents would necessarily have been produced by water flowing with a great 
depth. 
Examples might be multiplied, but they all tend to show, 1st, that sedimentary depositions 
have taken place in times past, such as might be expected from the present drainage of the 
country, if the land was depressed from three hundred to one thousand feet below its present 
level. 
2dly. The water currents from which these depositions have been made, have varied greatly 
in velocity at different periods at the same localities. The clays have been deposited in nearly 
tranquil waters, in horizontal strata, with thin interlaminated layers of sand, sometimes not 
thicker than the most delicate paper, while the laminae of the clay are one-fiftieth to one-fourth 
of an inch in thickness. The sand beds have been deposited from water flowing with a gentle 
