CHAMPLAIN DIVISION. 
381 
bank, because they are much more deranged on the east side of the river by several fractures 
and lines of upheave parallel to the main axis, extending nearly north and south, and also by 
transverse fractures and lines of upheave, that have deranged all the rocks of the Champlain 
division, and packed them together, helter-skelter, in the utmost confusion. They are con¬ 
torted, broken and wrinkled, in almost every conceivable manner, in the vicinity of the inter¬ 
sections of these fractures and axes of disturbance ; and although the lines of bearing and of 
dip of the strata are nearly uniform in their direction, (varying from north and south to north- 
northeast and south-southwest for one, and from east to east-southeast for the other,) except 
near the intersections of the fractures and axes of disturbance, yet the repetitions of the same 
strata so variously, with others lying higher and lower in the geological series, and with fre¬ 
quent apparent inversions in the order of superposition, render it almost impossible to deter¬ 
mine from an examination of the strata on the east bank of the Hudson, what the real order 
of superposition is. Other difficulties also present themselves, viz. the fossiliferous rocks' 
dip to the east, and apparently plunge under those that have been considered of more ancient 
formation ; and on the eastern flank of the Hudson valley, these plunge apparently under 
those that we are accustomed to consider as very ancient rocks, as gneiss, granite, mica slate, 
etc. Fortunately, nearly all the strata of the Champlain division are exposed in the valley 
of the Mohawk, unchanged in position ; and in some places along the west side of the main 
axis, they may be examined in the order of superposition indicated in the tabular arrange¬ 
ment of the rocks of that division. The causes that have produced the singular position of 
the strata of the Champlain division east of the anticlinal axis, will be considered when the 
rocks of that division shall have been described. 
Washington County. 
The rocks of the Hudson-river group occupy a belt of country ranging from Vermont, 
through the townships of Hampton, Hartford, Granville, Hebron, Argyle, Salem, Kingsbury, 
Fort-Edward, Greenwich, Jackson, Cambridge and Easton. The rocks of this group, in the 
above townships, are nearly similar to those described on the west of the Hudson, but partially 
altered in many places by their contiguity to other rocks, so that they approach in character 
to the Taconic rocks, into which they seem to pass on the eastern side of the county and near 
Whitehall. *• The grits and slates form a high range of hills, almost mountains, in Cambridge, 
Jackson, Greenwich, Salem, Argyle, Hebron and Hartford. They are upturned at high angles, 
and interstratified in many places with other rocks of the Champlain division ; and numerous 
repetitions of the same rocks, all dipping to the eastward, may be seen by crossing the line 
of bearing. The falls of the Batten kill near Galesville; numerous localities in its banks 
between Union village and Sodom ; the road from Lakeville by Long pond, and thence over 
the mountain by Summit pond to Argyle ; the road from Hebron to Argyle ; from Hebron to 
Hartford, and from Cambridge centre to Easton, present fine opportunities for examining 
these strata. 
