642 
INDEX. 
Avicula, 339, 349, 350. 
Axis, anticlinal, etc. 331 - 336, 374, 
377j' 382, 390, 424, 605, 623, 624. 
Axes, transverse, 386, 396, 403, 455, 
478, 483, 558, 576, 605, 622 - 623, 
637. 
Axes of disturbance, 104, 106, 298, 
317, 331 - 336, 367, 368, 374, 376, 
. 396, 414, 424. 
Axis of elevation of the Shawangunk 
mountains, 355, 356 - 357. 
Axes of elevation, 637. 
— discussion of, 605 - 624. 
— not parallel to the strike, 333, 356 
-357. 
Axis of the earth unchangeable in times 
past, 218. 
Bacillaria, 49, 51, 52, 75. 
Back of mines, 316, 361. 
Backbone of Long island, 176. 
Bailey, Prof., on infusoria, 48, 50, 48 
-77, 238-245. 
Baker’s falls, tufa, 81. 
Ball’s cave, 80, 110. 
Ballston springs, chalybeate, 91, 98. 
Barnes, Prof., 428. 
Barilla, 19. 
Bars, sand, 234. 
Barker’s point (alluvial changes), 23. 
Barnegate limestone, 367, 410, 415. 
Barnegate, sinking of the ground near, 
36. 
Battenkill alluvions, 5. 
Beaches, 24, 234. 
— their courses, 20, 24. 
— ancient and terrace, levels of, 152 
-154. 
Beck, L. C., 94, 95, 97, 101, 105, 416, 
443, 463, 465, 481, 482, 486, 489, 
491, 492, 493, 495, 497, 499, 504, 
508, 540, 567. 
Bed of quartz and felspar in Taconio 
rocks, 433. 
Bedding of stones in construction, 328, 
(note.) 
Bellerophon, 339, 
Bent strata, 330-336. 
Bigsby, Dr. 194. 
Biloculina, 50. 
Blasting and dipping, expense of, 582. 
Black creek, alluvial action, 44. 
— marble, 367. 
— river limestone, 367, 402. 
— slate, 367. 
Blende, 307, 314, 358, 361. 
Blocks transported by ice (alluvial), 
41. 
Blowing caves, explanation of, 107, 
Blue limestone, 367 - 412. 
— ridge, 2, 
— meadows, 371. 
Boltonite, 476, 577. 
Bones of animals in alluvial deposi¬ 
tions, 44. (Vide mastodon.) 
Bonny, J., 80, 109, 110, 347, 348. 
Borings for water, 18, 19, 136 - 143, 
146, 603 - 604. 
Boulders, 20, 21, protect the shore, 22; 
description of, 163. 
— overlaying the quaternary sands 
and clays, 126. 
— belts and groups of, 163, 185, 194. 
— of Long island, 165-177. 
— New-York island, 179,581, etseq. 
■— Staten island, 177-178. 
— Hudson valley, 183-189. 
— Delaware valley, 189. 
— various parts of the world, 189-197. 
Breccia, 373, 406, 409. 
Brecciated linfestone, 307. 
Brick manufacture, (principles involv¬ 
ed, and method,) 141, 145. 
— manufacture, statistics of, 141 - 
145. 
— yards, 251. 
Bridges, natural, 111. 
Briggs, Prof., 91, 428, 429, 430. 
Brooklyn marshes, 18. 
Broken up strata, 330-336, 367-381, 
403, 404, 414, 441, 478, 576. 
Bronzite, 467. 
Brown hematite (Vide limonite), 577. 
— spar, 413, 431, 432, 577. 
Brucite, 465, 508, 577. 
Building stones, 326, 403, 413, 418, 
451, 521, 525-530, 547,597. 
— materials, cost of, etc. 602. 
Bursting of a pond, 235. 
Butter (Goshen), 313. 
C. 
Cacholong, 577. 
Calceola, 345. 
Calcareous alluvions, 79. 
— concretions, 82, 415. 
— tufa, 80-82. 
— spar, 279, 577. 
Calciferous group, 2, 367. 
— sandstone, 367. 
Calciferous group and sandstone, 414, 
404-405, 410-415. 
Calymene, 338, 350. 
Caloric, 217, 631 - 633. 
Cambrian system of Sedgwick, 3. 
Cannon cast from Sterling ore, 575. 
Carbon and pyrites, at junction of lime¬ 
stone and talcose slate, 447, 449. 
Carbonate of copper, 122. 
Carbonated water, used instead of 
yeast in making bread, 103. 
Carbonic acid in springs, 94 -104. 
— in caves, 109, 110. 
Carburetted hydrogen, 114. 
Carlisle tufa, 80. 
Caspar creek delta, 8. 
Cassels, Prof., 183, 188, 453, 457. 
Casting sand, 141, 253. 
Catenipora, 350. 
Catskill alluvia, 45. 
— flats, 9. 
— tufa, 81, 82. 
— division, 399 - 300, 323. 
— quaternary of, 2. 
— alluvial action, 42. 
— shaly limestone, 325, 343. 
— slaty limestone, 2. 
— mountain series, 299. 
Cavern near Round pond, 36. 
Caverns, how sometimes formed, 89. 
Caves, 109-111, 455, 637, 
— causes of, 109. 
Cave, Ball’s, 80, 109. 
— Clark’s, 109. 
Caves, blowing, explanation of, 107, 
109. 
Cauda-galli grit, 325, 341 - 342. 
Cause of blowing caves, 107. 
— calcareous tufa deposits, 82, 89. 
— calcareous tufa concretions in clay, 
82 - 83. 
— disintegration, 39. 
— drift deposits, 216 - 228. 
— salt springs (notes), 87. 
— sulphur springs, 91. 
— ebbing and flowing springs, 93. 
— of nitrogen in gaseous springs, 107. 
— Long-island formation, 272 - 274, 
— Red-sandstone formation, 289-293. 
— New-York system, 298 -299. 
— anthracite in Hudson rocks, 415. 
— disturbance and changes of strata, 
631-633. 
— joints, 626. 
Cement hydraulic, 328-330, 403. 
Chain (great) across the Hudson, 574 
-575. 
Chalcedony, 462, 577. 
Chalk, red, 119. 
Chalybeate springs, 89, 237. 
Champlain alluvial depositions, 6. 
Champlain division, 366-422. 
Chazy limestone, 367. 
Chemical agencies a cause of alluvial 
action, 38. 
Chemung group, 317. 
Chequered limestone, 367, 412; 
