INDEX. 
651 
Setauket beach, 27. 
Serpentine, 465 - 508, 560, 579, 
Serpentine, crystalline form determin¬ 
ed, 509-512. 
— precious, 481. 
— rocks, 283, 461, 462, 541. 
— age of, 283, 284. 
Seybertite, 467. 
Seymour, T. 237, 400. 
Shafts of mines, 360. 
Shales of the Catskill division, 300 - 
316. 
— Red-sandstone division, 286, 288. 
Sharon springs, 89. 
— tufa, 80. 
Shawangunk grit and conglomerate of, 
2, S53, 355-357. 
— fractures of, 93, and note of, 93. 
— lead mine, 359. 
Shell banks above water level, 21,236. 
— why supposed not natural, 21,175. 
— or lake marl, 10. 
— origin of, 10, 11. 
— tables of localities, 14, 16. 
— grit, 325. 
Shells and fossils of Long island, 176, 
177. 
Shepard, C. N. 467. 
Shinnecock bay marshes, 18, 38. 
Shivered rocks, 390, 433, 
Shoals, their causes, 24. 
Sidell, William H. map of Oyster-pond 
point by, 25. 
Sienite, 528-529, 536, 537, 546, 569. 
Sienitic granite, 542. 
Sigillaria simplicitas, 301. 
Siliceous slate. 372, 390, 395 396. 
Silurian system of Murchison, 3. 
Silver mines, reputed, 115, 117, 118, 
501-509; (Vide mines.) 
— in copper ore, 501. 
— in lead ore, 361, 498-500. 
Sing-sing flats, 9. 
Sinkholes, 111. 
Sinking of road way on Verplanck’s 
flats, 9. 
— springs, 111-113. 
Sinks, formation of sinkholes, 36. 
Sinter, 80. 
Skunnemunk rocks, age of, 626. 
Slate, Hudson river, 869 ; age of, 626; 
dip of, 370. 
— oblique lamination of, 370, 388- 
389, 390, 
— red and green of the Taconic 
rocks, 426. 
Slaty limestone, calciferous slate, 417. 
— lamin® of talcose slate parallel to 
stratification, 447. 
Slides, 32, 33-35, 36, 256, 257, 634 
-636. 
Smithtown harbor marshes, 18; beach, 
27. 
Soaps, earthy, 145. 
Soapstone, 284, 487. 
Soda, muriate of, and chloride of so¬ 
dium, 86. 
Soils, 5- 10, 18, 141, 146, 176, 279, 
285, 313, 319, 323, 336, 368. 
Southampton beach, 26. 
Sparry limestone, 325, 326 (note), 344; 
(Vide note, 326, 367, and in Ta¬ 
conic rocks, 449.) 
Specular iron ore, 467, 514. 
Sphserastrum, 51, 55. 
Sphagnum palustre, 12, 230. 
Sphene, 465, 467, 477, 480, 484, 532, 
539, 579. 
Spirulina, 50. 
Spits and beaches, 21, 234, 
— their causes, etc., 24, 28. 
Spinelle, 465, 467 - 508, 579. 
Spongia, 49, 50. 
Springs of the quaternary division, 145. 
— of Long island, and various phe¬ 
nomena, 145. 
— efiects of, in flowing valleys, 147. 
— alluvial division, 88 -113; causes, 
— effects of carbonic acid, 89. 
— chalybeate, 89, 237. 
— ebbing and flowing; explanation 
of, 93; note, 93, 94. 
— limestone, 111-113, 
— sinking, 111, 113. 
— Long island, 270. 
Stalactites, 80 - 81, 483. 
Stalagmites, 80. 
Staten island, quaternary of, 2. 
— primary rocks of, 3. 
— alluvial changes, 17, 18, 20, 21. 
— beaches, 27: spits, 28. 
Statistics of the brick manufacture, 141 
-145. 
— cement, 328 - 330. 
— flagstone business, 318. 
— lime business, 328-330, 403,411 
-412, 453-458. 
— marble, 398 - 399, 445, 453. 
— iron, 491, 493, 661-564. 566- 
576. 
— ochre, 497. 
St. Anthony, falls of, 2. 
St. Louis, coal of, 3. 
St. Lawrence, communication of with 
Gulf of Mexico, 154. 
St. Peter’s river, 2. 
Staurastrum, 51, 54. 
Staurotide, 441, 442, 443. 
Steatite, 284, 486. 
Steel, John, 95, 96, 99, 376, 377, 415, 
416. 
Stickney, Mr. 44. 
Stilbite and laumonite locality, 534. 
Storm, effects on coast of Long island, 
168. 
Straits through which currents have 
flowed, 150, 152. 
Strike of rocks (Vide dip), 382. 
— of Highlands, 543-545. 
— transverse, 543, 546. 
Stony brook beach, 27. 
Streams, subterranean, 36. 109-113, 
235. 
Striatella, 52, 241. 
Strophomena, 337, 338, 339, 343, 345, 
349, 351, 897. 
Stumps and logs below level of salt 
water, 21. 
Stuyvesant, islands of ooze near, 7. 
Subsidence of earth’s surface, 632. 
Subterranean streams, 36, 109- 113, 
235. 
Sulphate of alumina, 84.' 
Sulphur, native, 113, 114. 
— of lime, 83, 84, 579. 
— of iron, 84-85, 114-119. 
— of magnesia, 86. 
— springs, 91. 
Sunken meadows beach, 27. 
Superposition of rocks (taconic), 423. 
Supplement to the alluvial division, 
229. 
— springs, 91. 
Svanberg on temperature of space, 317, 
220 . 
Synclinal axes, 367. 
Syneyclia, 52, 242. 
Synedra, 2, 52, 238, 246. 
System, Coal, New-York, 298-422. 
— Primary, 516-576. 
— Quaternary, 4-245. 
— Secondary (upper), 246-294. 
— Taconic, 422-438. 
— Tertiary, 246-247. 
— Trappean, 278-285. 
— classification of, 2, 246. 
Systems of fracture, 333, 356-357. 
