CHAP. V.J 
TRAINING. 
119 
exposure of the fruit-bearing branches to the 
sun and air. For these purposes the gardener 
shortens the long shoots, to make them throw 
out side-branches, with which he covers his 
walls, never suffering them to cross each 
other, but letting each be as much exposed 
to the influence of the air and light as is 
consistent with a necessary quantity of leaves; 
and he bends them in different directions to 
throw them into fruit. These general prin¬ 
ciples are common to all fruit-trees, but of 
course they must be modified to suit the 
habits of the different kinds. Thus, for 
example, some 'trees, such as the fig and the 
pomegranate, only bear on the extremities of 
their shoots; and, consequently, if their shoots 
were continuallv shortened, these trees would 
never bear at all; other trees, such as the 
apple and the pear, bear their fruit on short 
projecting branches, called spurs; and others 
at intervals on nearly all the branches, and 
close to the wall. All these habits should be 
known to the gardener, and the modes of 
training adopted which will be suitable to 
each. Training flowers should also be regu¬ 
lated by a knowledge of the habits of the 
