CHAP. VII.] 
ESPALIERS. 
213 
in their fruit being more easily gathered, and 
in their roots being more under the control 
of the gardener. The latter is an important 
advantage, and one of which every gardener 
should avail himself. It has been already 
observed, when speaking of the laying out of 
a kitchen garden, that beyond the fruit- 
border there is generally a walk, enclosing 
the compartments devoted to culinary vege¬ 
tables in the centre. Now where espaliers 
are grown, there should be a second cham¬ 
bered border, exactly like the fruit border 
under the wall, which should be shut out 
from the culinary compartments by a low 
wall under ground, or flat stones placed 
edgeways, or boards, or, in fact, any thing to 
prevent the roots of the espaliers from spread¬ 
ing into the ground devoted to the culinary 
crops. When due precautions have been 
taken, the espaliers should be planted near 
the boundary, and their roots carefully 
spread out over the chambered border, 
those parts being cut off which cannot be 
brought to lie flat in the proper direction. 
The ground is then pressed firmly upon the 
roots, and espalier rails, either of iron or 
