216 THE KITCHEN-GARDEN, [chap. vii. 
trees should never* on any account* be planted 
in a kitchen-garden; as from their drip and 
shade it is impossible to grow good culinary 
vegetables under them; while* on the other 
hand* the constant digging and trenching 
necessary to cultivate culinary vegetables* 
force the roots of the trees to descend so far 
that it is impossible for them to produce 
good fruit. Dwarf standards are* however* 
by many preferred to espaliers; as they are 
susceptible of all the advantages* without 
any of the disadvantages attendant on that 
mode of training. A chambered border may 
be prepared for the dwarf standards in the 
same manner as for the espaliers; and they 
may be placed in the centre of it* instead of 
on one side. The dwarf standards are gene¬ 
rally grafted very near the collar of the 
plant* and are trained to form bushes rather 
than trees* but in various manners. Some 
are trained round a hoop placed inside* and 
others have their branches trained upwards 
for a few feet* and then bent downwards like 
an umbrella; some are trained en quenouille * 
with a single stem; others en pyr amide; and 
others have their branches spread out hori- 
