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A Book of Eeference for the Various Departments of Human Knowledge. 
Including Agriculture, Astronomy, Architecture, The Various Arts and Sciences: Biography, Botany, Chemistry, 
Engineering, Geography, Geology, History, Horticulture, Literature, Mechanics, Medicine, Physiology, Natural His¬ 
tory, Mythology, and many other departments. 
700 P*AG^ES ANJD OVER 1,000 ENG-R AVliSTO-S. 
CONDENSED, COMPILED, AND ARRANG-ED FOR CONVENIENT USE. 
DIRK 
SPECIMEN PAGES, SHOWING SIZE OP PAGE, STYLE OP TYPE AND ILLITSTRATIONS. 
26T DISCOPHOEA FRICTION-BALLS 352 
FRINGE 
Dirk, derk. A dagger 
formerly much used In the 
Highlands of Scotland, and 
Btill worn as essential to 
complete tho Highland cos¬ 
tume. 
Dirt-eating', dert'et-ing. 
Cachexia Africana, a disor¬ 
der of the nutritive functions 
among negroes, and in cer¬ 
tain kinds of disturbance of 
the feminine health, in 
which there is an irresistible 
desire to eat dirt. The 
practice of some tribes of 
8 . America, of using certain 
kinds of clay for food. 
DiscHargor, dis- 
-charj'or. In Elect, 
an instrument for 
discharging a Ley¬ 
den jar, &c., by 
making a connec¬ 
tion between the 
two surfaces. In 
calico printing, 
discharge. 
D i s c h arg e- 
■valve, 'valv. In 
steam-engines, a 
valve which covers 
the top of the barrel 
of the air-pump 
and opens upward. 
Discharging Arch, 
Dirk. 
Leyden Jar with 
ischargor. 
ing arch. An 
arch formed in the substance of a wall to 
Discharging Arch 
relieve the part which is below it from the 
superincumbent weight, commonly used 
over lintels and flat-headed openings. 
Discipline, 'i-plin. Education; in¬ 
struction ; training. Rule of government. 
Subjection to rule. Correction; punish¬ 
ment inflicted by way of correction and 
training : instruction by means of misfor¬ 
tune and the like. In tho R. C. Ch. bod¬ 
ily punishment inflicted on a delinquent; 
or that external mortification which a pen¬ 
itent inflicts on himself. Tho scourge a 
delinquent uses in self-chastisement; or 
that wielded by his confessor. Books of 
discipline, two books drawn up for tho 
reformation of the Scotch Church—the 
first by Kmox and four other ministers in 
1560, the second by a committee of Assem¬ 
bly of 15T8, in which Andrew Melville took 
a leading part. This is still appealed to as 
tho most com pi 3to and authoritative ex¬ 
hibition of Scottish Presbyterianism. 
Dischidla, -kid'- 
i-a. A gen. of 
Asclepiadacese, I 
herbs or under 
shruhs. One spe¬ 
cies, D. Rafilesl- 
ana, is remark¬ 
able for its nu¬ 
merous pitcher- 
like appendages. 
Disciples o f 
Christ (Camp- 
hellites). An in¬ 
dependent sect 
holding views 
B u b s t a n t i a lly 
identical with the / 
Baptists, founded 1 
in tho U. 8., 1809, 
by Rev. Thomas Dischidia Rafflesiana. 
Campbell, a distinguished preacher of the 
Presbyterian church, from which ho se¬ 
ceded, and his son. Rev. Alexander Camp¬ 
bell, both natives of Ireland. The sect 
numbers nearly three-quarters of a million 
communicants, most of them being in tho 
8 . and W. States. 
Discobolus, -koh'o-lus. In Class. An- 
tiq. a thrower of> 
tho discus or quoit; 1 
a quoit-player. The 
name given by 
Cuvier to his 8d 
family of soft- 
flnned teleostean 
fishes. The lump¬ 
fish (Cyclopterus 
Luinpus) is a good 
example of the 
group. 
Discopbora, -koP 
6 -ra. A sub-class 
of tho Hydrozoa, 
comprising most of 
tho organisms 
known as sca-jel- 
lies, jelly-fishes or Discobolus throw- 
sea - nettles. A Discus, 
name sometimes given to the order of an¬ 
nelids, Uirudinea, to which tho leech be¬ 
longs. 
lYiction-balls, -halz. Balls placed 
under a heavy object to reduce the fric¬ 
tion, while that object is moving horizon¬ 
tally. Some swing-bridges have such 
balls placed under them. 
IFriction-clutcb. -klucb. A species of 
loose coupling much used for connecting 
machines which require to bo frequently 
engaged and disengaged, or which are 
subject to sudden variations of resistance. 
Priction-cones, -konz. In Mach, a 
form of slip-coupling, which allows tho 
cones to slip on any extreme pressure 
being applied. 
Priction-coupling', -kup'ling. A form 
of coupling in which two shafts are con¬ 
nected by friction, as in tho friction-clutch 
and friction-cones. 
Prlotion-powder, -pou-der. A com¬ 
position of chlorato of potash and anti¬ 
mony, which readily ignites by friction. 
Priday, fri'da. Tho 6 th day of tho week. 
Good F., the Friday immediately preced¬ 
ing Easter; which is kept sacred, in mem¬ 
ory of the sufferings and death of Christ, 
as it is believed to be tho anniversary of 
tho day on which ho was crucified. 
Priedlaud, frGd'lahnt. A town of E. 
Prussia, 86 m. 8. E. of Konigsberg, noted 
for the great victory, Juno 14, 180T, of 
tho French under Napoleon I. over the 
allied Russian and Prussian armies, re¬ 
sulting in tho treaty of Tilsit. 
Priendly Islands (Tonga"). An archi¬ 
pelago of tho 8. Pacific, of which Ton- 
gataboo is tho chief island; pop. abt. 
25,000. 
Priend, frend. One of tho Society of 
Dissenters, which took Its rise in England 
about the middle of the 17th century, 
through the preaching of George Fox. 
Arch, that 
Frieze. 
A coarse woolen cloth hav¬ 
ing a shaggy nap on one side, extensive¬ 
ly manufactured in Ireland. 
Prieze-panel, •'pan-el. One of the up¬ 
per panels of a door of Bi.x panels. 
^iga, frig'a, la Scand. Myth, tho -wife 
Frigate. 
of Odin, a goddess corresponding in some 
respects to the Aphrodite of tho Greeks 
anci Venus of the Romans. Called also 
Freya. 
Prigate, fri'gat. A 
war vessel larger 
than a sloop or brig, 
and less than a ship 
of tho lino; usually 
carrying thirty to 
sixty guns on the 
main deck and on 
a raised quarter-deck 
and forecastle, or 
having two decks. 
Since tho Introduc¬ 
tion of irou-claa war 
. vessels tho term has j 
been applied to those 
having a high speed 
and great fighting 
power. Double-banked frigates, such as 
carried guns on two decks and had aflush 
upper-deck. Steam frigates, large steam¬ 
ships carrying guns on a flush upper-deck, 
and having a tier also on the lower deck. 
Prigate- 
b i r d, 
-herd. The 
name given 
to a gen. 
of trop¬ 
ical birds 
(Tachy- 
petes), pel-^ 
loan fam.' 
(Pelican- 
W-W. 
cormorants; a man-of-war bird. 
Prigid. Zone, frij'id. A space about 
either polo of tho earth, terminated by a 
parallel of C6i° of latitude, known as the 
polar circles. At tho pole the sun is visi¬ 
ble for half tho year and invisible the other 
half. 
Primaire, fro-mar. Tho 8d month of 
tho French republican calendar, dating 
from September 22, 1792. It commenced 
November 21, and ended December 20. 
Pringe, fVinj. An ornamental append¬ 
age to the 
Assyrian Fringes. 
fringes is of very great antiquity, as shown 
by tho dresses of figures on iho ancient 
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